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Cartalax dosage and evidence

Written by Reviewed Sep 2026

Animal or lab only. Only animal or lab studies on this page. No study in people yet. 4 lab studies, no human study.8 reported

The short answer

Cartalax is a tiny peptide, just three amino acids long, sold for joints. Almost all the research is on cells in a dish, done by the group that made it. The only human claim is one sentence in a 2023 review, saying older people with worn joints took it by mouth. Nobody has found the study behind that sentence.

Evidence grade for Cartalax: Animal or lab only. The rule: only animal or lab studies on this page. No study in people yet. The sum on this page: 4 lab studies, no human study. A grade counts how much has been done to people, not whether it works.

People given it
0
Human studies
0
Found nothing
0

Dose

No human dose established

No published study on this page has given this compound to people and reported a result.

4 lab studies, no human study

8 effects reported, 4 unwanted, 4 wanted, by people using it, not a trial

Goal pages: Ageing and longevity, Injury, healing and recovery, Immune system and inflammation, Bone and joints, Gut health

In plain English

In plain English, from Aaron

This is how I would explain it to a friend. The evidence, with the numbers, is further down the page.

Cartalax is a tiny peptide sold for sore joints. It is three amino acids long. The whole idea is that it tells old cartilage cells to act young again. Almost all of the work on it was done in a dish, by the same lab that came up with it. Nobody has shown it does anything to a real joint.

What people take it for

  • Knee and hip pain that has been building for years.
  • Hope that cartilage can be rebuilt instead of replaced.
  • Feeling less stiff in the morning.
  • A gentler option than surgery or steroid shots.

What studies in people showed

There are no trials. What exists is cell culture. In a dish, this peptide shifted the proteins that mark old cartilage cells. Three of those markers went down. One called Sirt1 went up. That is a change in a dish, not less pain in a knee. One review from 2023 says the peptide helped older people with joint pain when taken by mouth. I went looking for that study and could not find it. The review was written by the group that makes the peptide. There is one small human report in this family, and it is for a different product called Sigumir. That one gave 62 older patients a jaw joint treatment on top of dental work and other drugs. No control group.

What people report

Reports, not study results

The good

  • Some people say their knees feel looser after a few weeks of capsules.
  • It is cheap compared to most joint treatments.
  • Taken by mouth, so no needles for the capsule version.
  • People like that it is a short course rather than a daily forever pill.

The bad

  • Plenty of people say they felt nothing at all.
  • Nobody knows the side effects. Not one study in this whole peptide family lists them. That is missing data, not a clean record.
  • You cannot tell what is in the capsule. There is no published test of any retail product.
  • Joint pain comes and goes on its own, so it is very easy to credit the pill for a good month.

Where these come from: Peptide forums and vendor pages. None of this comes from a trial, because there are no trials. The 62 patient jaw report is a published study of a different product.

My bottom line

A dish is not a knee. Nobody outside the lab that sells this has run a real trial. I would put the money into losing weight, lifting, and blood work instead. That is what actually moves joint pain.

An opinion, not a finding. I am a coach, not a doctor.

What it has been measured to do

Animal and lab work, not yet tested in people

Real results, but from animals or cells, not people. What works in a mouse often does not work the same way in a person. Nobody can patent this, so nobody would ever earn back the cost of a study in people. That is usually why there is none. The record on this one is set out below.

32 of the 36 indexed goals have no study of any kind behind Cartalax

No study in people, animals or cells on this page reports a result for these. That does not prove Cartalax does nothing for them. It does mean anything you have heard about Cartalax and one of these did not come from a study cited here.

Show full evidence

What is Cartalax?

Cartalax is a tiny peptide, just three amino acids long, sold for joints. Almost all the research is on cells in a dish, done by the group that made it. The only human claim is one sentence in a 2023 review, saying older people with worn joints took it by mouth. Nobody has found the study behind that sentence.

Cartalax is a very small peptide made of three amino acids: Ala-Glu-Asp, written AED. It was designed at the St. Petersburg Institute of Bioregulation and Gerontology in Russia, as one of a family of tiny peptides. This one was assigned to cartilage. It is sold as a joint and cartilage supplement.

In people, there is just one claim, so here it is exactly. A 2023 review from the same institute says AED worked in animals with worn joints (osteoarthritis), and in older people with osteoarthritis who took it by mouth. It says the same about Sigumir, an extract made from the cartilage and bone of young animals. That is one sentence in a review. We searched PubMed and could not find the study behind it. And the review was written by the group that owns the work.

Everything else is cells in a dish. AED was tested on cartilage cells, on stem cells from the tissue that holds teeth in place, and on aging human stem cells. It changed some genes and proteins linked to aging cells.

That is not the same as helping a joint. A change in a dish is a stand-in, not a result. No study here measured pain, movement, cartilage thickness or any real health result in an animal or a person given this peptide on its own.

How does Cartalax work?

The idea is that this tiny peptide gets inside the cell and changes which genes switch on. In cartilage cells in a dish, aging cells made more aging and inflammation signals and less Sirt1, a protein tied to healthy aging. AED is reported to push that pattern back toward normal. A 2023 paper listed AED among 26 tiny peptides and modeled how they could be carried into cells. That shows a way in is possible. It does not show it happens in a person taking the dose in a bottle.

What have studies in people found about Cartalax?

No study of Cartalax in people has been found. The whole human claim is one sentence in a 2023 review, written by the institute that developed it. That sentence gives no number of patients, no study design and no measure of results.

  • The review claim, in full: a 2023 Russian review in Advances in Gerontology says two products worked in animal models of arthritis and when taken by mouth by older patients with osteoarthritis. The two are Sigumir, a mix of peptides from the cartilage and bone of young animals, and the AED peptide, called Kartalax there. It gives no number of people, no dose, no length of treatment, no comparison group and no measure of success. No original report behind it turned up in PubMed. The review is written by the group that developed the peptide.
  • No trial of Cartalax, Kartalax or Ala-Glu-Asp is registered on ClinicalTrials.gov, finished, running or planned.
  • Every other study on this page was done in a dish: ageing cartilage cells, aged human stem cells, stem cells from the tissue that holds teeth in place, and a computer model of how the peptide might cross into cells. In the tooth-tissue stem cell work, the effect came from a different peptide, KED, and from a four-peptide mix, not from AED alone. Some of these used human cells. Nobody was given the peptide in any of them.

What this does not tell you: With no record of anyone taking it, there is nothing on how the body handles it, no dose, no comparison of ways to take it, no time frame and no record of side effects. Nothing can be said about joint pain, joint function, cartilage or any health result in a person, good or bad. Seeing no harms reported is not a safety finding. It is what a record looks like when nobody has measured anything. Note too that the shop capsules are taken by mouth, and that is the least studied route of all. No study here checked whether a tiny peptide swallowed as a pill survives digestion and reaches cartilage in a person at a shop dose.

The state of the research

The closest thing to human evidence here is not for Cartalax at all. It is for Sigumir, the extract made from cartilage and bone. In a Russian report, 62 older patients with jaw joint disease took Sigumir along with new dentures, bridges and other treatment. There was no comparison group. It is a different product, given as part of a package of treatments.

Every peptide in the Khavinson family shares one problem, and it is not the chemistry. Not one of them has a registered clinical trial. The US trial registry, ClinicalTrials.gov, shows zero studies for epitalon, thymalin, cortexin, retinalamin, prostatilen and epithalamin. The same search finds studies for ordinary drugs. Almost all the research sits in three journals: Advances in Gerontology, Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine, and Vestnik Oftalmologii. Most of it is in Russian, with only a short English summary. Most of it comes from the St. Petersburg Institute of Bioregulation and Gerontology, or from Anisimov's group in the same city. No outside team has repeated any of the lifespan claims. None of the study summaries we found report side effects. These Russian papers do not usually track safety. So read the silence as missing data, not as proof it is safe.

The evidence, in charts

Fig. 1a ยท how many people

0people have taken this in any study cited here

0 people ยท 0 studies in people

What this page cites instead is 4 lab studies in a dish and 1 review. None of them gave the compound to a person.

Counted from the list of sources on this page. We draw this chart only when a study in people is cited. An empty one is the answer, not a gap in the page.

Fig. 1b ยท evidence mix

None of the 5 sources here are studies in people.

05 sources
  • Lab (cells in a dish) ยท cells or tissue480%
  • Review of studies ยท sums up other studies120%

Counted from the list of sources on this page. It counts only what we cite, so there may be more studies out there. A review counts once, however many studies it sums up.

Fig. 2 ยท evidence over time

The studies cover 3 different years, 2019 to 2023, counted from the list of sources on this page.

Fig. 3 ยท legal status at a glance

Not approved in any of the four countries shown. This is what the law says, not a verdict on the science. See Legal status below for the full text and any notes.

Fig. 4 ยท how much does what

Nobody has tested different amounts in people

This chart would show how the effect changes as the amount goes up. For this compound, nobody has measured that in people. So we leave it empty. We will not borrow an animal chart and pretend it works the same in people.

Waiting on a study nobody has runMaking one takes a study that gives different amounts to different groups of people and compares them. Nobody has paid for that for this compound.

Fig. 5 ยท what the molecule is

Kind of compound
Peptide
Molecule weight
About 333 Da for the free tripeptide Ala-Glu-Asp.
Half-life
Stated in words, not a numbersee the exact wording below
Chain length
None on file

Half-life as stated on file: Not established. No pharmacokinetic study of this tripeptide in humans or animals was located, which is the more important fact than any number would be.

No amino acid sequence is on file for Cartalax, so none is drawn rather than guessed from a name.

The studies we cite

  • Review of studies2023
    [Chondrocytes secretory phenotype associated with aging: role in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis and prospects for peptide bioregulation.].

    A review, not a study, written in Russian by the institute that made the peptide. In one sentence, it says Cartalax and an animal cartilage extract worked in animals with worn joints, and in older people with worn joints who took it by mouth. That one sentence is the whole basis for the human claim. We could not find the study behind it.

    A Russian-language review from the St. Petersburg institute. It states that Sigumir, a polypeptide complex of cartilage and bone tissue of young animals, and the AED tripeptide, named in the text as Kartalax, have shown efficacy in animal models of osteoarthritis and on oral administration in patients with osteoarthritis in older age groups. This sentence is the entire published basis for the human claim. No primary trial report behind it was located, and the review is written by the group that developed the peptide.

  • Lab (cells in a dish)2023
    [Peptides prevent the forming of secretory phenotype of chondrocytes associated with the aging.].

    In a dish. Aging cartilage cells gave off more aging and inflammation signals. Both Cartalax and a cartilage extract pushed those signals back toward normal. These were cells, not joints, and nobody measured a real health result.

    Cell culture. The senescence-associated secretory phenotype of chondrocytes was characterised by raised p16, p21 and p53, raised TNF-alpha and IL-1-alpha, and lowered Sirt1. Both the AED peptide and a cartilage polypeptide complex normalised the synthesis of those molecules. Chondrocytes in culture, not joints, and no clinical endpoint was measured.

  • Lab (cells in a dish)2020
    Gene expression in human mesenchymal stem cell aging cultures: modulation by short peptides.

    In a dish. Human stem cells from bone marrow were aged in the lab, then treated with Cartalax and two other short peptides. Some genes changed in the aged cells. No person took anything.

    Human embryonic bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells aged in passage and stationary culture, treated with AED, KED and Lys-Glu. Gene expression changes were reported in aged cultures. Human-derived cells in a dish, no person dosed.

  • Lab (cells in a dish)2019
    Effect of short peptides on neuronal differentiation of stem cells.

    In a dish. Stem cells from the tissue that holds teeth in place were exposed to four short peptides. Signs of young nerve cells went up with the mix of all four, and with one of the other peptides. The authors do not report that effect for Cartalax on its own.

    Human periodontal ligament stem cells exposed to AED, KED, Lys-Glu and AEDG. The combination of all four peptides and KED alone raised GAP-43 and nestin expression. Notably the effect the authors highlight is for KED and for the mixture, not for AED on its own, and the setting is cell culture.

  • Lab (cells in a dish)2023
    Feasibility of Transport of 26 Biologically Active Ultrashort Peptides via LAT and PEPT Family Transporters.

    In a dish and on paper. This paper lists Cartalax among 26 tiny peptides and models how they might get into cells. It shows the peptide is real and that a way in is possible. It shows nothing about whether it does anything.

    Lists AED among 26 ultrashort peptides with published sequences and models their transport across amino acid and peptide transporter families. Establishes that the sequence is real and that a transport route is plausible. Establishes nothing about effect.

Where to buy Cartalax

67 sellers list Cartalax in our latest read. They are ranked by trust score, then by archive rating, then by certificate tier, then by the lowest price per milligram. Archive evidence is counted before source-backed. Each path is out of 4, and the two are not added. A higher price does not raise the score. The letter is the certificate chip. 2 of them have a published certificate that names Cartalax.

Some seller links may pay this site when you buy through them. A payment never changes a seller's tier or rank, and no seller has a say in any page.

SellerTrust scoreVial sizesFrom, per mgCertificate for CartalaxSeller link
Panda Peptides
85 StrongSource-backed 4 of 4. Archive evidence 3 of 4.A
20 mg$2.75None found for CartalaxView
GenPeptide
80 StrongSource-backed 4 of 4. Archive evidence 2 of 4.A
10 mg$6.00None found for CartalaxView
Eros Peptides
80 StrongSource-backed 3 of 4. Archive evidence 2 of 4.A
20 mg$1.75None found for CartalaxView
Peptide Power US
77 StrongSource-backed 4 of 4. Archive evidence 2 of 4.A
20 mg$3.35None found for CartalaxView
EZ Peptides
75 StrongSource-backed 4 of 4. Archive evidence 3 of 4.A
10 mg$5.80None found for CartalaxView
Core Peptides
75 StrongSource-backed 4 of 4. Archive evidence 2 of 4.A
20 mg$3.15None found for CartalaxView
BioGenix Peptides
75 StrongSource-backed 4 of 4. Archive evidence 2 of 4.A
20 mg$3.40None found for CartalaxView
ezPeps
73 StrongSource-backed 4 of 4. Archive evidence 2 of 4.A
20 mg$3.00None found for CartalaxView
Modern Research Peptides
67 FairSource-backed 4 of 4. Archive evidence 4 of 4.LC
20 mg$2.30Lab-confirmed certificate, Freedom DiagnosticsView
NuLife Peptides
67 FairSource-backed 3 of 4. Archive evidence 2 of 4.B
20 mg$3.00None found for CartalaxView
AIO Peptides
66 FairSource-backed 3 of 4. Archive evidence 1 of 4.B
20 mg$2.76None found for CartalaxView
Bulk Peptide Supply
65 FairSource-backed 4 of 4. Archive evidence 2 of 4.A
20 mg$1.25None found for CartalaxView
Nela Peptides
65 FairSource-backed 4 of 4. Archive evidence 2 of 4.A
20 mg$2.45None found for CartalaxView
Peptide Plugs
65 FairSource-backed 4 of 4. Archive evidence 2 of 4.A
20 mg$2.50None found for CartalaxView
PeptidePlugs
65 FairSource-backed 4 of 4. Archive evidence 2 of 4.A
20 mg$2.50None found for CartalaxView
Supernova Sciences
65 FairSource-backed 3 of 4. Archive evidence 2 of 4.A
20 mg$3.50None found for CartalaxView
Plum Labs Research
62 FairSource-backed 4 of 4. Archive evidence 2 of 4.A
20 mg$2.50None found for CartalaxView
Elevated Science
62 FairSource-backed 3 of 4. Archive evidence 2 of 4.A
20 mg$2.10None found for CartalaxView
Kalyx Labs
62 FairSource-backed 3 of 4. Archive evidence 2 of 4.A
20 mg$3.00None found for CartalaxView
Ion Peptide
60 FairSource-backed 2 of 4. Archive evidence 0 of 4.C
20 mg$3.95None found for CartalaxView
Vector Amino Labs
55 FairSource-backed 2 of 4. Archive evidence 1 of 4.C
20 mg$2.75None found for CartalaxView
Limitless Bio-Tech
52 FairSource-backed 1 of 4. Archive evidence 1 of 4.C
20 mg$44.3None found for CartalaxView
Protide Health
50 FairSource-backed 2 of 4. Archive evidence 1 of 4.C
20 mg$4.40None found for CartalaxView
Lost Coast Aminos
49 WeakSource-backed 3 of 4. Archive evidence 2 of 4.A
20 mg$1.80None found for CartalaxView
Blue Ridge Peptides
49 WeakSource-backed 3 of 4. Archive evidence 2 of 4.A
20 mg$2.00None found for CartalaxView
Go Alpha Labs
49 WeakSource-backed 3 of 4. Archive evidence 2 of 4.A
20 mg$2.10None found for CartalaxView
Peptify Labs
49 WeakSource-backed 3 of 4. Archive evidence 2 of 4.A
20 mg$2.75None found for CartalaxView
Core Peptides Official
49 WeakSource-backed 3 of 4. Archive evidence 2 of 4.A
20 mg$2.75None found for CartalaxView
Liberty Peptides
49 WeakSource-backed 3 of 4. Archive evidence 2 of 4.A
20 mg$2.75None found for CartalaxView
Luxe Peptides
49 WeakSource-backed 3 of 4. Archive evidence 2 of 4.A
20 mg$2.75None found for CartalaxView
True Lab Peptides
49 WeakSource-backed 3 of 4. Archive evidence 2 of 4.A
20 mg$2.75None found for CartalaxView
Apex Amino
49 WeakSource-backed 3 of 4. Archive evidence 2 of 4.A
20 mg$3.50None found for CartalaxView
Molecular Edge Peptides
49 WeakSource-backed 3 of 4. Archive evidence 2 of 4.A
25 mg$5.00None found for CartalaxView
Cenexa Labs
49 WeakSource-backed 2 of 4. Archive evidence 2 of 4.B
20 mg$3.25None found for CartalaxView
Direct Health Shop
49 WeakSource-backed 2 of 4. Archive evidence 1 of 4.B
20 mg$7.50None found for CartalaxView
Solution Peptides
48 WeakSource-backed 1 of 4. Archive evidence 0 of 4.C
20 mg$3.25None found for CartalaxView
USA Peptide Science Shop
45 WeakSource-backed 2 of 4. Archive evidence 1 of 4.B
20 mg$3.50None found for CartalaxView
Pryma Lab
43 WeakSource-backed 1 of 4. Archive evidence 0 of 4.C
20 mg$2.30None found for CartalaxView
Atomik Labz
43 WeakSource-backed 1 of 4. Archive evidence 0 of 4.C
20 mg$3.25None found for CartalaxView
Peptides.com
42 WeakSource-backed 2 of 4. Archive evidence 2 of 4.B
20 mg$2.10None found for CartalaxView
Atomix
39 WeakSource-backed 4 of 4. Archive evidence 2 of 4.A
20 mg$2.75None found for CartalaxView
LifeIgnite Research
39 WeakSource-backed 3 of 4. Archive evidence 2 of 4.A
40 mg$2.23None found for CartalaxView
Peptides World
39 WeakSource-backed 4 of 4. Archive evidence 1 of 4.B
20 mg$3.00None found for CartalaxView
Canlab International
37 WeakSource-backed 1 of 4. Archive evidence 1 of 4.C
20 mg$3.00None found for CartalaxView
Aries Peptide Research
36 WeakSource-backed 1 of 4. Archive evidence 1 of 4.C
20 mg$2.75None found for CartalaxView
Limitless Biotech ST
36 WeakSource-backed 1 of 4. Archive evidence 1 of 4.C
20 mg$3.15None found for CartalaxView
Everest Peptides
35 WeakSource-backed 1 of 4. Archive evidence 1 of 4.C
20 mg$2.25None found for CartalaxView
Lejian Biotech Peptide
35 WeakSource-backed 1 of 4. Archive evidence 1 of 4.C
20 mg$2.50None found for CartalaxView
Republic Peptide
33 WeakSource-backed 1 of 4. Archive evidence 1 of 4.C
20 mg$2.70None found for CartalaxView
Nova Life Peptides
33 WeakSource-backed 1 of 4. Archive evidence 1 of 4.C
20 mg$2.75None found for CartalaxView
Paramount Peptides
33 WeakSource-backed 1 of 4. Archive evidence 0 of 4.C
25 mg$2.21None found for CartalaxView
Vandl Labs
28 InsufficientSource-backed 1 of 4. Archive evidence 1 of 4.C
20 mg$2.50None found for CartalaxView
LabRat Peptides
28 InsufficientSource-backed 1 of 4. Archive evidence 1 of 4.C
20 mg$2.75None found for CartalaxView
Modern Aminos
28 InsufficientSource-backed 1 of 4. Archive evidence 0 of 4.C
20 mg$2.70None found for CartalaxView
Rhome Research
27 InsufficientSource-backed 4 of 4. Archive evidence 1 of 4.Letter withheld
24 mg$2.71None found for CartalaxView
Huaian Hanyou Peptide
25 InsufficientSource-backed 1 of 4. Archive evidence 1 of 4.C
20 mg$2.50None found for CartalaxView
MJA Peptides
25 InsufficientSource-backed 1 of 4. Archive evidence 1 of 4.C
20 mg$2.50None found for CartalaxView
ZL Peptides
25 InsufficientSource-backed 1 of 4. Archive evidence 1 of 4.C
20 mg$2.50None found for CartalaxView
Peptide Science LLC
25 InsufficientSource-backed 1 of 4. Archive evidence 1 of 4.C
20 mg$3.00None found for CartalaxView
USA Peptide Sciences
25 InsufficientSource-backed 1 of 4. Archive evidence 1 of 4.C
20 mg$3.50None found for CartalaxView
Pure Health Peptides
25 InsufficientSource-backed 1 of 4. Archive evidence 0 of 4.C
10 mg, 20 mg, 30 mg$2.70None found for CartalaxView
Pura Peptides
25 InsufficientSource-backed 1 of 4. Archive evidence 0 of 4.C
20 mg$2.75None found for CartalaxView
Rocky Mountain Compounds
23 InsufficientSource-backed 4 of 4. Archive evidence 1 of 4.Letter withheld
20 mg$1.82None found for CartalaxView
RUO
18 InsufficientSource-backed 3 of 4. Archive evidence 2 of 4.Letter withheld
20 mg$2.00None found for CartalaxView
AMC Essentials
16 InsufficientSource-backed 1 of 4. Archive evidence 0 of 4.Letter withheld
20 mg$3.50None found for CartalaxView
Glacier Aminos
12 InsufficientSource-backed 4 of 4. Archive evidence 2 of 4.Letter withheld
20 mg$3.40Certificate, Kovera Labs, Freedom DiagnosticsView
Skye Peptides
0 InsufficientSource-backed 3 of 4. Archive evidence 1 of 4.Letter withheld
25 mg$2.36None found for CartalaxView
  • LC Lab-confirmed: the issuing laboratory echoed this certificate back
  • A Current certificate, independent laboratory named, laboratory not yet checked
  • B Certificate published, but no laboratory link, older than a year, or the laboratory did not recognise the published lookup
  • C No certificate could be read

Every listing and vial size for Cartalax ยท How the trust score is counted

Sellers named on the price pages are ranked by certificate tier, then price, and any affiliate income is disclosed there. Naming a seller is not a recommendation to buy or use anything.

Common questions

Has Cartalax been tested in people?

Not in any study cited here. Cartalax is a tiny peptide, just three amino acids long, sold for joints. Almost all the research is on cells in a dish, done by the group that made it. The only human claim is one sentence in a 2023 review, saying older people with worn joints took it by mouth. Nobody has found the study behind that sentence.

What is the Cartalax dosage?

No human dose established. No published study on this page has given this compound to people and reported a result. 4 lab studies, no human study

Is Cartalax FDA-approved?

Not approved for any use in the United States, and the FDA has not reviewed it. Sold as a supplement or a research chemical, depending on the seller.

Does Cartalax rebuild cartilage?

No study has measured cartilage in a person who took this peptide. The published work is cells in a dish. It showed changes in signs of aging in cartilage cells. A change in a dish is not new cartilage.

Has Cartalax been tested in humans?

A 2023 review from the institute that made it says it worked when older people with worn joints took it by mouth. We could not find the study behind that claim in PubMed. Treat it as an unchecked claim from the group that developed it.

What is the sequence?

Three amino acids: alanine, glutamic acid and aspartic acid, written AED. A 2023 paper lists it among 26 tiny peptides. So the sequence itself is on record, even though the health claims are not.

Is Cartalax safe?

Nobody knows. None of the study summaries we found, for this peptide or the wider Khavinson family, report side effects. That is missing data, not a clean record. These Russian papers do not usually track safety.

How is Cartalax different from Sigumir?

Cartalax is one lab-made peptide of three amino acids, and its makeup is known. Sigumir is an extract from the cartilage and bone of young animals, so nobody knows exactly what is in it. Sigumir has one small human report with no comparison group. Cartalax has none.

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