Peptide finder

What are you trying to change?

Pick as many as you like. The number on each one is how many people it has been measured in across the whole archive. So you can see where the evidence is before you choose.

1. 01SemaglutidePeptideStrong. At least two finished studies in people, and at least 1,000 people who took it. 12 completed trials, 42,363 people given it.10 reported

   27,254 people2 studies1 found nothing

   • This is about as strong as evidence for a drug gets. Everyone taking part already had heart disease and carried extra weight, and none of them had diabetes. Half were given semaglutide, half a dummy injection, and everyone was followed for a bit over three years. Heart attacks, strokes and deaths from heart disease...

     New England Journal of Medicine, 2023 · 17,604 people

   • found nothingThe pill form of semaglutide also cut heart attacks and strokes, by a modest amount. 9,650 people with type 2 diabetes at high risk took a daily 14 mg tablet or a dummy tablet for about four years. Heart attacks, strokes and cardiac deaths hit 12.0% on the drug and 13.8% on the dummy, about 18 fewer such events for...

     New England Journal of Medicine, 2025 · 9,650 people

2. 02EmpagliflozinSmall moleculeStrong. At least two finished studies in people, and at least 1,000 people who took it. 3 completed trials, 16,738 people given it.4 reported

   23,347 people4 studies1 found nothing

   • found nothingA diabetes drug that turned out to keep people alive. 7,020 people with type 2 diabetes and high heart risk took empagliflozin or a dummy for about three years. 12.1 percent of the dummy group had a heart attack, had a stroke, or died of heart disease. On empagliflozin, 10.5 percent did. Deaths from any cause were 8.3...

     New England Journal of Medicine, 2015 · 7,020 people

   • It slowed kidney disease down, and it did not stop people dying. 6,609 people with chronic kidney disease were followed for two years. Their kidney disease got worse, or they died of heart disease, in 16.9 percent of the dummy group against 13.1 percent on empagliflozin. Deaths from any cause were 5.1 percent against...

     New England Journal of Medicine, 2023 · 6,609 people

   • It helped the harder kind of heart failure, mostly by keeping people out of hospital. 5,988 people whose hearts still pumped reasonably well but who had heart failure symptoms were followed for a bit over two years. 17.1 percent of the dummy group died of heart disease or were admitted for heart failure. On...

     New England Journal of Medicine, 2021 · 5,988 people

3. 03TirzepatidePeptideStrong. At least two finished studies in people, and at least 1,000 people who took it. 9 completed trials, 22,802 people given it.11 reported

   16,025 people3 studies

   • Tirzepatide guarded the heart about as well as a drug already known to do it. More than 13,000 people with type 2 diabetes and hardened, narrowed arteries took either tirzepatide or dulaglutide. Heart attacks, strokes and deaths from heart disease happened to 12.2% of the tirzepatide group and 13.1% of the dulaglutide...

     New England Journal of Medicine, 2025 · 13,299 people

   • Tirzepatide controlled blood sugar better than insulin and caused far fewer dangerous sugar lows. 1,995 people with type 2 diabetes and raised heart risk were treated for a year, everyone knowing which drug they got. Average blood sugar over three months fell about 2.5 points on tirzepatide and 1.44 on insulin...

     The Lancet, 2021 · 1,995 people

   • Tirzepatide cut heart failure flare-ups in people with a stiff heart and obesity. 731 patients were followed for about two years on the drug or a dummy shot. Death from heart causes or worsening heart failure hit 9.9% on the drug and 15.3% on the dummy, about 54 fewer such events for every 1,000 people. Almost all of...

     New England Journal of Medicine, 2025 · 731 people

4. 04ExenatidePeptideStrong. At least two finished studies in people, and at least 1,000 people who took it. 2 completed trials, 15,088 people given it.1 reported

   14,752 people1 study1 found nothing

   • found nothingWeekly exenatide proved safe for the heart but did not clearly protect it. 14,752 people with type 2 diabetes took weekly exenatide or a dummy injection for a bit over three years. 11.4% of the treated group had a heart attack, had a stroke, or died of heart disease. On the dummy, 12.2% did. The gap leaned toward the...

     New England Journal of Medicine, 2017 · 14,752 people

5. 05DulaglutideBiologicStrong. At least two finished studies in people, and at least 1,000 people who took it. 2 completed trials, 10,500 people given it.1 reported

   9,901 people1 study

   • Dulaglutide lowered heart attacks and strokes, and most people in the trial had no heart disease to start with. 9,901 adults with type 2 diabetes took dulaglutide or a dummy injection for about five and a half years. 12.0% on the drug had a heart attack, had a stroke, or died of heart disease, against 13.4% on the...

     The Lancet, 2019 · 9,901 people

6. 06AlbiglutideBiologicStrong. At least two finished studies in people, and at least 1,000 people who took it. 2 completed trials, 10,304 people given it.

   9,463 people1 study

   • Albiglutide cut heart attacks, strokes and cardiac deaths in people with diabetes and heart disease. Nearly ten thousand adults across 28 countries were split by chance between the drug and a dummy injection, and followed for about a year and a half. Nobody involved knew which. Seven in a hundred on the drug had a...

     Lancet, 2018 · 9,463 people

7. 07LiraglutidePeptideStrong. At least two finished studies in people, and at least 1,000 people who took it. 6 completed trials, 16,760 people given it.9 reported

   9,340 people1 study

   • Liraglutide cut heart attacks, strokes and deaths from heart disease in people with diabetes. 9,340 adults with type 2 diabetes and a high risk of heart trouble got either liraglutide or a dummy injection, and were followed for close to four years. About one in eight fewer of those events happened on the drug. In...

     New England Journal of Medicine, 2016 · 9,340 people

8. 08PioglitazoneSmall moleculeStrong. At least two finished studies in people, and at least 1,000 people who took it. 2 completed trials, 9,114 people given it.5 reported

   9,114 people2 studies1 found nothing

   • found nothingThe big heart outcomes trial of pioglitazone in diabetes missed its main target. A wide measure of heart and artery events was not clearly lower. A narrower measure of deaths, heart attacks and strokes was lower. More people on the drug went to hospital with heart failure. These were people with diabetes and existing...

     The Lancet, 2005 · 5,238 people

   • In people with insulin resistance but no diabetes who had just had a stroke or a mini-stroke, pioglitazone lowered the chance of another stroke or a heart attack over about five years. It also halved new diabetes. It cost more weight gain, swelling and broken bones. Death rates were about the same.

     The New England Journal of Medicine, 2016 · 3,876 people

9. 09Relaxin-2PeptideStrong. At least two finished studies in people, and at least 1,000 people who took it. 2 completed trials, 7,706 people given it.5 reported

   7,706 people3 studies2 found nothing

   • found nothingThe big confirming trial was run and the drug failed it. 6,545 people admitted with sudden heart failure got the same two day drip or a dummy drip. Six months later the same share had died of heart causes in each group. Worsening heart failure in the first five days was no different. Deaths of any cause, readmissions...

     New England Journal of Medicine, 2019 · 6,545 people

   • found nothingSerelaxin eased breathlessness a little in people admitted with sudden heart failure, and changed nothing that matters more. 1,161 people got either a two day drip of the drug or a dummy drip soon after reaching hospital. Breathlessness scored better on one scale and no better on the other. Deaths from heart causes...

     The Lancet, 2013 · 1,161 people

   • Investigators went back through every death in the failed trial to work out why the earlier trial had looked promising, and found nothing to rescue it. By six months about one patient in nine had died, and heart failure caused nearly four in ten of those deaths. The drug changed no category of death. People aged 75...

     JACC: Heart Failure, 2020 · number of people not given

10. 10BNP and nesiritidePeptideStrong. At least two finished studies in people, and at least 1,000 people who took it. 3 completed trials, 7,149 people given it.4 reported

    7,141 people1 study

    • This is the study that settled it, and the drug failed. 7,141 people in hospital with heart failure got nesiritide or a dummy drip on top of usual care. Breathlessness improved a shade more on the drug, not enough to count. Death or return to hospital within 30 days came out the same. Kidneys were no worse, but low...

      New England Journal of Medicine, 2011 · 7,141 people

11. 11Cardiac glycosidesSmall moleculeModerate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 1 completed trial, 6,800 people given it.

    6,800 people1 study1 found nothing

    • found nothingDigoxin did not save lives, and it was tested well enough to say so. 6,800 people with weak hearts took digoxin or a dummy pill and were followed about three years on average. About the same share died in each group, roughly 35 percent either way. A study this big would have found a survival benefit if there was one....

      New England Journal of Medicine, 1997 · 6,800 people

12. 12LixisenatidePeptideStrong. At least two finished studies in people, and at least 1,000 people who took it. 2 completed trials, 6,068 people given it.2 reported

    6,068 people1 study

    • This drug was tested for heart protection and gave none. Just over six thousand people with type 2 diabetes who had recently had a heart attack or unstable chest pain took lixisenatide or a dummy injection. Heart attacks, strokes and deaths from heart disease happened at the same rate in both groups. The trial was...

      New England Journal of Medicine, 2015 · 6,068 people

13. 13InsulinPeptideStrong. At least two finished studies in people, and at least 1,000 people who took it. 5 completed trials, 29,691 people given it.4 reported

    5,650 people2 studies

    • The benefit of early tight control outlasted the control itself. 4,209 people from the original trial were followed for 10 more years. Within a year of the trial ending, blood sugar in the two groups had evened out. Ten years later the intensively treated group still had fewer diabetes complications, fewer heart...

      New England Journal of Medicine, 2008 · 4,209 people

    • Tight blood sugar control early on protected hearts for decades afterwards. 1,441 people with type 1 diabetes got either tight or standard insulin treatment for about six and a half years, then were simply followed. Over about 17 years, the tight group had roughly 42 percent fewer heart events of any kind. Heart...

      New England Journal of Medicine, 2005 · 1,441 people

14. 14TestosteroneHormoneModerate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 1 completed trial, 5,246 people given it.10 reported

    5,246 people1 study

    • Testosterone did not raise the risk of heart attacks or strokes in the men most likely to have one. More than 5,000 men aged 45 to 80 took part. All had low testosterone with symptoms, and all were already at risk of heart trouble. Half rubbed on a testosterone gel and half a dummy gel. After about three years, heart...

      New England Journal of Medicine, 2023 · 5,246 people

15. 15Testosterone cypionateHormoneModerate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 1 completed trial, 5,246 people given it.9 reported

    5,246 people1 study

    • The one large safety study found no extra heart attacks, strokes or heart deaths on testosterone. More than 5,000 men took part, all already at risk of heart trouble. It is here because it is the best safety proof any testosterone product has. Note what it tested. Men rubbed on a gel that doctors adjusted to a set...

      New England Journal of Medicine, 2023 · 5,246 people

16. 16SimvastatinSmall moleculeStrong. At least two finished studies in people, and at least 1,000 people who took it. 2 completed trials, 24,980 people given it.6 reported

    4,444 people1 study

    • Lowering cholesterol with a statin kept people alive, and this is the trial that showed it. 4,444 people who already had chest pain or a previous heart attack were split by chance into two groups. One took simvastatin, the other a dummy pill, and both were followed for over five years. By the end, 12 percent of the...

      Lancet, 1994 · 4,444 people

17. 17EfpeglenatideBiologicStrong. At least two finished studies in people, and at least 1,000 people who took it. 2 completed trials, 4,076 people given it.3 reported

    4,076 people1 study

    • This one did protect the heart. Just over four thousand people with type 2 diabetes and a high risk of heart trouble took efpeglenatide or a dummy injection. Heart attacks, strokes and deaths from heart disease happened about a quarter less often on the drug. Kidney problems were down by roughly a third. Two results...

      New England Journal of Medicine, 2021 · 4,076 people

18. 18ErythropoietinBiologicStrong. At least two finished studies in people, and at least 1,000 people who took it. 3 completed trials, 4,641 people given it.6 reported

    4,038 people2 studies

    • This drug did not extend life or save kidneys, and it doubled the risk of stroke. 4,038 people with type 2 diabetes, kidney disease and anaemia got darbepoetin alfa or a dummy shot, with rescue treatment if counts dropped too low. Death and heart events came out the same. Kidney failure came out the same. Strokes hit...

      New England Journal of Medicine, 2009 · 4,038 people

    • Pushing blood counts up to normal in kidney disease harmed people. 1,432 adults with long-term kidney disease were treated towards either a high or a lower blood count target, for about 16 months. Deaths, heart attacks, heart failure hospital stays and strokes were more common in the high target group, 125 events...

      New England Journal of Medicine, 2006 · number of people not given

19. 19AICARSmall moleculeModerate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 1 completed trial, 3,080 people given it.5 reported

    3,080 people1 study

    • It was tested properly, in thousands of patients, and it did not work. 3,080 people having heart bypass surgery got acadesine or a dummy at 300 hospitals. The trial was stopped early because it was going nowhere. Death, stroke or serious heart weakness hit about one in twenty people in each group. An earlier pooling...

      JAMA, 2012 · 3,080 people

20. 20EnalaprilSmall moleculeStrong. At least two finished studies in people, and at least 1,000 people who took it. 2 completed trials, 2,822 people given it.5 reported

    7,050 people3 studies1 found nothing

    • found nothingIn people with no symptoms, enalapril did not clearly save lives. 4,228 people with a weak pumping heart but no symptoms took enalapril or a dummy pill for about three years. 313 died on enalapril against 334 on the dummy pill, a gap small enough to be chance. A study this size would likely have found a real survival...

      New England Journal of Medicine, 1992 · 4,228 people

    • In people with symptoms, enalapril kept more of them alive. 2,569 patients with heart failure and a weak pumping heart took enalapril or a dummy for about three and a half years on average. 452 died on enalapril against 510 on the dummy, roughly a sixth fewer deaths. Hospital admissions for heart failure fell further...

      New England Journal of Medicine, 1991 · 2,569 people

    • This is one of the clearest survival gains ever shown for a pill. 253 patients with the worst kind of heart failure got enalapril or a dummy pill on top of their usual treatment, and nobody involved knew which. At six months, 26% of the enalapril group had died against 44% on the dummy pill. Every life saved came from...

      New England Journal of Medicine, 1987 · 253 people

21. 21Zoledronic acidSmall moleculeStrong. At least two finished studies in people, and at least 1,000 people who took it. 4 completed trials, 7,176 people given it.

    2,000 people1 study

    • Fewer heart attacks, cancers and deaths turned up on the bone drip, but this was a side look, not the question the trial asked. It re-counted the illnesses and harms recorded in the same two thousand women. Heart attacks fell from 39 women to 24. Cancers fell by about a third. Deaths leaned lower without being clearly...

      Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, 2020 · 2,000 people

22. 22HydralazineSmall moleculeStrong. At least two finished studies in people, and at least 1,000 people who took it. 3 completed trials, 1,724 people given it.4 reported

    1,724 people3 studies1 found nothing

    • In 1,050 Black patients with advanced heart failure, a fixed-dose pill of hydralazine and a nitrate, on top of modern treatment, cut deaths so clearly the trial was stopped early. 6.2% died on the pill against 10.2% on a dummy pill. Again a two-drug pill, in one specific group of people.

      The New England Journal of Medicine, 2004 · 1,050 people

    • Adding hydralazine plus a nitrate to standard heart failure treatment lowered deaths over two years in 642 men. At two years, 25.6% had died on the pair against 34.3% on a dummy pill. It was the first trial of a blood vessel relaxing drug to show people living longer. It is a two-drug result, not hydralazine alone.

      The New England Journal of Medicine, 1986 · 642 people

    • found nothingHydralazine on its own did not beat a dummy pill in heart failure. Exercise time improved in both groups, which is what a dummy pill can do, and nothing else moved. Thirty-two people, so a small no.

      American Heart Journal, 1982 · 32 people

23. 23SemaxPeptideModerate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 4 completed trials, 354 people given it.9 reported

    327 people3 studies

    • The largest semax study in people has nothing to compare itself against. Doctors treated 187 patients with poor blood flow to the brain and followed them over time. The authors report that symptoms improved, that decline slowed, and that fewer strokes and mini strokes happened. Everybody in the study got semax. There...

      Zhurnal Nevrologii i Psikhiatrii imeni S.S. Korsakova, 2005 · 187 people

    • This is the study the stroke claim leans on, and it was not built to prove anything. 110 people recovering from a stroke were given courses of Semax. A brain growth protein in their blood rose, and their scores for everyday tasks improved faster. There was no dummy treatment to compare against, and nobody was kept in...

      Zhurnal Nevrologii i Psikhiatrii imeni S.S. Korsakova, 2018 · 110 people

    • This is a real study in real stroke patients, and its design cannot size the effect. Thirty people were given semax in the first days after a stroke, alongside their usual hospital care. Eighty others with strokes of similar severity got the usual care alone. Nobody was picked by chance, and nobody was kept in the...

      Zhurnal Nevrologii i Psikhiatrii imeni S.S. Korsakova, 1997 · 30 people

24. 24TrametinibSmall moleculeStrong. At least two finished studies in people, and at least 1,000 people who took it. 2 completed trials, 1,192 people given it.

    322 people1 study

    • In advanced melanoma with a BRAF mutation, trametinib on its own held the cancer back longer than chemotherapy and more people were alive at six months. Rash, diarrhoea and swelling were the common side effects. This is the trial that led to its approval as a single drug.

      The New England Journal of Medicine, 2012 · 322 people