Peptides measured for fat loss

What this archive is for. Trials of the compound come first, ranked by how many people were actually given it. Studies that only observed people are below them and labelled.

1. 01Tesamorelin / IpamorelinBlendStrong. At least two finished studies in people, and at least 1,000 people who took it. 5 completed trials, 1,507 people given it.9 reported

   1,370 people given it3 trials1 found nothing

   • found nothingThe largest pile of evidence on either half of this blend, and it is for tesamorelin alone. Eight hundred and six patients were pooled from the two main trials. The deep fat around the organs fell on the drug and rose slightly on the dummy, a difference of about 15 percent. Fat just under the skin did not change, so this is a targeted effect rather than general weight loss. Nobody in these trials was given ipamorelin.

     The numbers 806 patients pooled across both Phase 3 trials. Visceral fat fell 24 square centimetres at week 26 against a 2 square centimetre rise on placebo, a treatment effect of minus 15.4 percent, with no change in subcutaneous fat. The largest dataset on either component of this blend, and it is tesamorelin monotherapy.

     Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 2010· 806 people

   • Tesamorelin on its own shrank the deep fat around the organs in people with HIV. Four hundred and twelve patients took a 2 mg shot daily for six months, or a dummy shot. That fat fell by about 15 percent on the drug while it rose 5 percent on the dummy, and blood fats improved too. No ipamorelin was given. The dose here is 2 mg a day, which is the dose the approval rests on.

     The numbers 412 patients with HIV and abdominal fat accumulation. Twenty-six weeks of tesamorelin at 2 mg daily reduced visceral adipose tissue by 15.2 percent against a 5.0 percent increase on placebo, with lower triglycerides. This is tesamorelin alone at 2 mg. No ipamorelin was given, and 2 mg daily is the dose the approval rests on.

     New England Journal of Medicine, 2007· 412 people

   • A low dose of tesamorelin nudged thinking in the right direction in older adults. A hundred and fifty two people aged 55 to 87 took it or a dummy shot for five months, and sixty six of them already had mild memory trouble. The gain showed up mainly in planning and mental flexibility. IGF-1 more than doubled while staying inside the normal range. The dose was 1 mg, half the dose used for belly fat, and this trial did not measure fat at all.

     The numbers 152 adults aged 55 to 87, of whom 66 had mild cognitive impairment. Twenty weeks of tesamorelin at 1 mg daily had a favourable effect on cognition, P equal to 0.03, concentrated in executive function, and raised IGF-1 by 117 percent within the physiological range. Note the dose: 1 mg, which is half the dose that produced the visceral fat result, and this trial did not measure visceral fat.

     Archives of Neurology, 2012· 152 people

2. 02TirzepatidePeptideStrong. At least two finished studies in people, and at least 1,000 people who took it. 9 completed trials, 22,802 people given it.11 reported

   751 people given it1 trial

   • Tirzepatide beat semaglutide head to head, in a trial run by the company that sells tirzepatide. 751 adults with obesity and no diabetes took one drug or the other for 72 weeks. Everyone knew which they were getting. Tirzepatide took off 20.2% of body weight and semaglutide 13.7%. Waists shrank 18.4 cm against 13.0 cm. Eli Lilly funded it, and no comparable trial funded by the other side has been published.

     The numbers SURMOUNT-5, open-label head to head in 751 adults with obesity and without diabetes: -20.2% on tirzepatide versus -13.7% on semaglutide at 72 weeks, and waist circumference -18.4 cm versus -13.0 cm. Funded by Eli Lilly.

     New England Journal of Medicine, 2025· 751 people

3. 03TesamorelinPeptideStrong. At least two finished studies in people, and at least 1,000 people who took it. 8 completed trials, 1,729 people given it.10 reported

   710 people given it5 trials1 found nothing

   • It worked on the deep fat around the organs, in the group it was designed for. 412 people with HIV who had gained fat around the middle took a daily tesamorelin injection or a dummy injection for six months. Nobody involved knew which. Deep belly fat fell about 15% on tesamorelin. In the dummy group it rose about 5%. Blood fats improved as well. This says nothing about people without HIV, who were not studied here.

     The numbers 412 patients with HIV and abdominal fat accumulation: 26 weeks of tesamorelin 2 mg daily reduced visceral adipose tissue 15.2% versus a 5.0% increase on placebo, with lower triglycerides.

     New England Journal of Medicine, 2007· 412 people

   • The fat stayed off while people kept injecting, and came back when they stopped. 273 people on tesamorelin and 137 on the dummy shot were reassigned at the halfway mark and followed to a year. Deep belly fat around the organs stayed about 18% down over the full year, and blood triglycerides stayed 51 mg/dL lower. Once the injections stopped, the deep fat came back. This is a drug people have to keep taking to keep the result.

     The numbers 26-week extension in which 273 tesamorelin and 137 placebo patients were re-randomized: visceral fat reduction sustained at -18% over 52 weeks and triglycerides at -51 mg/dL, with reaccumulation of visceral fat after discontinuation.

     AIDS, 2008· 137 people

   • found nothingTesamorelin did not improve thinking or memory, and this trial was too small to settle the question. 73 people with HIV and belly fat were assigned to the drug or to usual care for six months. Everybody knew who was getting it. Scores on the thinking tests came out the same in both groups. Waists did shrink 2.7 cm more on the drug. The authors say the trial had too few people and no dummy group, so a real effect could have been missed.

     The numbers 73 participants randomized 3:2, open label, 6 months: the between-group difference in neurocognitive performance was not significant (P=.673) despite a greater fall in waist circumference. The authors report the trial was underpowered and had no placebo arm.

     Journal of Infectious Diseases, 2025· 73 people

   • Tesamorelin shrank both deep belly fat and liver fat, in a small trial. 50 people with HIV and belly fat were split by chance, and 48 were treated for six months. Deep fat around the organs fell 42 cm2 more than on the dummy shot, and liver fat fell about 3 percentage points more. Fasting blood sugar rose 7 mg/dL more than the dummy in the first two weeks. By six months that blood sugar difference had gone.

     The numbers 50 randomized, 48 treated over 6 months: visceral fat treatment effect -42 cm2 (95% CI -71 to -14) and net liver fat -2.9% lipid-to-water. Fasting glucose rose 7 mg/dL more than placebo at 2 weeks.

     JAMA, 2014· 50 people

   What people using it report

   • Some users describe it as worth using specifically for stubborn abdominal fat that has not responded to a calorie deficit, and frame that as a narrow use rather than a general one.
4. 04RetatrutidePeptideStrong. At least two finished studies in people, and at least 1,000 people who took it. 5 completed trials, 1,345 people given it.8 reported

   189 people given it1 trial

   • Most of the weight lost was fat, on scans from a small slice of a larger trial. 189 people joined the scan study and only 103 had usable scans at both the start and week 36. Fat mass fell 26.1% and 23.2% at the two higher doses, against 4.5% on the dummy shot. The share of the loss that was muscle looked like what other obesity drugs produce. 103 people is a thin basis for reassurance about muscle.

     The numbers 189 enrolled in the DXA substudy, 103 with both baseline and week 36 scans: total fat mass fell 26.1% on pooled 8 mg and 23.2% on 12 mg versus 4.5% on placebo. The lean mass proportion of total loss was similar to other obesity treatments.

     The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology, 2025· 189 people

5. 05HexarelinPeptideModerate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 6 completed trials, 105 people given it.7 reported

   21 people given it1 trial

   • Body fat blunts the response, so the heavier you are the less hexarelin does. 21 healthy elderly people each got a single shot under the skin. The more fat someone carried, the lower their growth hormone peak, and fat mass predicted the response better than anything else measured. Being male or female made no difference on its own. This was 21 people and a single dose, which is a small basis for any rule.

     The numbers 21 healthy elderly subjects given 1.5 mcg/kg subcutaneously: peak growth hormone correlated negatively with fat mass (r = -0.72, P = 0.0001), with fat mass the strongest single predictor of the response. Gender was not an independent variable.

     Clinical Endocrinology, 1998· 21 people

6. 06KN069PeptideLimited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 1 completed trial, none stating how many people.

   0 people given it1 trial

   • The first human data look promising, and they come from a very small, very early study. Chinese men with overweight or obesity were given single rising doses, three on the drug for every one on a dummy, plus a smaller repeat-dose group. Side effects were mostly mild stomach and bowel complaints. The drug clears extremely slowly, staying in the body for weeks. At the best single dose, weight was down about 4.7% at day seven against 0.4% on the dummy.

     The numbers First-in-human in Chinese men with overweight or obesity. Single ascending dose 12 to 120 mg, n = 36, randomised 3:1 active to placebo, plus multiple ascending dose n = 12 escalating 15 to 60 mg. Well tolerated with predominantly mild to moderate gastrointestinal adverse events. Dose-proportional exposure from 12 to 90 mg with a total-drug half-life of 899.74 to 1099.01 hours. Maximum early weight change at day 7 on 90 mg was minus 4.71% against minus 0.41% on placebo, sustained up to 133 days. In the multiple-dose part the 60 mg group reached minus 2.57% at day 25 with a significant fall in waist circumference (p = 0.0446). Fasting glucose, triglycerides and uric acid fell and insulin and C-peptide rose.

     Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, 2026· number of people not given

Vitamins, minerals, amino acids and botanicals sold over the counter, held to the same standard.

1. 01ForskolinSupplementLimited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 2 completed trials, 53 people given it.5 reported

   53 people given it2 trials1 found nothing

   • Body fat fell and testosterone rose, in thirty overweight men. The men all had a body mass index of 26 or above and took 250 mg of a 10 percent forskolin extract twice a day, or a dummy, decided by chance, for 12 weeks. Scans showed body fat percentage and fat mass dropped against the dummy group. Bone mass changed and free testosterone rose. Muscle gain leaned upward but was too small to separate from chance. That is fifteen men per group, and the companion study in women found nothing.

     The numbers 30 men with BMI at or above 26, randomised double-blind to 250 mg of a 10 percent forskolin extract twice daily or placebo for 12 weeks. Body fat percentage and fat mass on DXA fell significantly against placebo, bone mass changed significantly, serum free testosterone rose significantly, and lean body mass showed a non-significant trend upward (p equals 0.097). Fifteen participants per arm.

     Obesity Research, 2005· 30 people

   • found nothingThe same supplement was tested in women and it did not work. 23 mildly overweight women took a 10 percent Coleus forskohlii extract twice a day or a dummy for 12 weeks, seven on the extract. Fat mass, lean mass and body fat percentage came out the same in both groups. Slight leanings toward less weight gain were too weak to call. Blood fats, liver enzymes, thyroid, insulin, heart rate and blood pressure were unchanged. Seven people is too few to spot anything but a huge effect.

     The numbers 23 women randomised double-blind to 250 mg of a 10 percent Coleus forskohlii extract twice daily (n equals 7) or placebo (n equals 12) for 12 weeks. No significant differences in fat mass, fat-free mass or body fat percentage. Non-significant trends toward mitigating gains in body mass (p equals 0.10) and scanned mass (p equals 0.08). Treated participants reported less hunger and fullness. No clinically significant changes in blood lipids, liver or muscle enzymes, thyroid hormones, insulin, heart rate or blood pressure. The authors concluded it does not appear to promote weight loss but may help mitigate weight gain.

     Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 2005· 23 people

2. 02TUDCASupplementLimited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 3 completed trials, 54 people given it.7 reported

   20 people given it1 trial1 found nothing

   • found nothingFour weeks of TUDCA improved insulin sensitivity in liver and muscle, and not in fat. 20 obese adults took 1,750 mg a day or a dummy for four weeks, with detailed infusion tests and samples from muscle and fat. Liver and muscle insulin sensitivity rose by roughly 30 percent while the dummy group did not change. The cell stress markers that were meant to explain all this did not move in either tissue. NIH funded. Twenty people over four weeks is a mechanism study.

     The numbers 20 obese adults, mean age 48 and BMI 37, randomised to 1,750 mg a day of TUDCA or placebo for 4 weeks, with two-stage hyperinsulinaemic-euglycaemic clamps, tracer infusions and muscle and adipose biopsies. Hepatic and muscle insulin sensitivity rose approximately 30 percent (p < 0.05) with no change on placebo, and muscle insulin signalling improved. Markers of endoplasmic reticulum stress in muscle and adipose tissue did not change after either treatment, despite that being the hypothesised mechanism. NIH funded.

     Diabetes, 2010· 20 people

3. 03Ursolic acidSupplementLimited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 1 completed trial, 16 people given it.6 reported

   16 people given it1 trial1 found nothing

   • found nothingThe entire human record for ursolic acid is sixteen men. 16 healthy men averaging 29 did eight weeks of weight training, seven on training alone and nine also taking ursolic acid capsules three times a day. Body fat percentage fell in the supplemented group. Body weight, body mass index, muscle mass, blood sugar and insulin did not change. Two hormones rose from their own starting points, as did several leg strength measures. Nine people on a supplement cannot settle anything, and nobody has repeated it.

     The numbers 16 healthy men, mean age 29, randomised to eight weeks of resistance training alone (n equals 7) or with ursolic acid (n equals 9), one capsule three times daily. Body fat percentage fell significantly in the supplemented group (p less than 0.001) while body weight, body mass index, lean body mass, glucose and insulin were unchanged. IGF-1 and irisin rose from baseline in the supplemented group, as did several maximal extension and flexion measures.

     Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology, 2014· 16 people

   What people using it report

   • The effects described are modest measured against the claims made for it. Accounts mention looking fuller while staying lean and some reduction in abdominal fat over around six weeks, with the same posters calling the magnitude small at best.
4. 04ResveratrolSupplementModerate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 14 completed trials, 403 people given it.7 reported

   0 people given it2 trials2 found nothing

   • found nothingRun again at a high dose, the same idea produced nothing. Twenty-four obese but otherwise healthy men took high-dose resveratrol or a dummy pill for four weeks. The main measure was how well their bodies answered insulin, using the most exacting test there is. It drifted slightly worse in both groups. Blood pressure, energy burned at rest, fat burning, fat around the organs and inflammation markers did not move. The authors say this casts doubt on resveratrol for metabolic problems.

     The numbers The direct contradiction of the trial above. Twenty-four obese but otherwise healthy men, parallel-group, four weeks of high-dose resveratrol. Insulin sensitivity by hyperinsulinaemic euglycaemic clamp, the primary outcome, deteriorated insignificantly in both arms. No effect on blood pressure, resting energy expenditure, lipid oxidation, ectopic or visceral fat, or inflammatory and metabolic biomarkers. The authors say the result raises doubt about resveratrol as a supplement in metabolic disorders.

     Diabetes, 2013· number of people not given

   • found nothingResveratrol did not help fatty liver, and it may have irritated it. Twenty overweight men took 3,000 mg daily for eight weeks. Insulin resistance, liver fat, belly fat, blood fats and antioxidant activity were all unchanged, and so were the genes it was meant to act on. Two liver enzymes rose against the dummy, which the authors read as the liver being put under strain. A later six month trial with tissue samples also found no improvement.

     The numbers Twenty overweight or obese men with NAFLD, 3,000 mg daily for eight weeks. No improvement in insulin resistance, steatosis, abdominal fat distribution, plasma lipids or antioxidant activity, and no change in NQO1, PTP1B, IL6 or HO1 transcription. ALT and AST rose significantly versus placebo through week 6, which the authors read as increased hepatic stress. A 2016 trial of 1.5 g daily for six months with paired biopsies also found no histological improvement, while a 2014 trial of 500 mg for 12 weeks alongside lifestyle advice did report improved inflammatory markers.

     Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 2014· number of people not given

5. 05EcdysteroneSupplementModerate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 3 completed trials, 233 people given it.5 reported

   0 people given it1 trial

   • 20 young men lifting weights took the plant extract or a dummy pill for twelve weeks. The extract group lost fat from the arms, legs and belly, and burned more fat. Their fasting insulin fell. But only the arm fat result was clearly better than the dummy pill group. Ten men per group is far too small to settle anything.

     The numbers 20 healthy males, 10 per arm, 30 mg a day of 20-hydroxyecdysone or placebo across 12 weeks of supervised resistance training. Arm, leg and abdominal fat all fell, though only arm fat separated from placebo between groups. Fat oxidation rose at rest and during exercise, with a between group difference only at 40 percent of VO2peak. Fasting insulin and free fatty acids fell and QUICKI rose. Ten per arm is the limitation. A second randomised human study of the same molecule from an independent group and a different source material.

     Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology, 2025· number of people not given

6. 06MIB-626SupplementModerate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 4 completed trials, 107 people given it.1 reported

   0 people given it1 trial1 found nothing

   • found nothingThe tablet moved some body measurements and left every measure of physical function untouched. 30 overweight or obese adults aged 45 and over took MIB-626 or a dummy tablet for four weeks. Weight fell by about two kilograms. Blood pressure and cholesterol both came down. Strength, stamina, how quickly muscles tired and stair climbing power did not change. Insulin sensitivity, liver fat and belly fat did not change either. The manufacturer helped fund it. This study looked at many things at once, so treat any single result as a hint.

     The numbers Randomised 2:1, 30 overweight or obese adults aged 45 and over, MIB-626 two 500 mg tablets twice daily for 28 days. Body weight fell 1.9 kg (95 percent CI -3.3 to -0.5, P=.008), diastolic blood pressure fell 7.01 mmHg (-13.44 to -0.59, P=.034), total cholesterol fell 26.89 mg/dL (P=.004) and LDL fell 18.73 mg/dL (P=.007). Muscle strength, muscle fatigability, aerobic capacity and stair-climbing power did not change. Insulin sensitivity, hepatic fat and intra-abdominal fat did not change in either group. Metro International Biotech, the manufacturer, is a listed funder. This is a physiologic study with multiple outcomes rather than a trial powered on one of them.

     Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 2023· number of people not given

Approved drugs, biologics and hormones that have been measured for this. They are here because leaving them out would misrepresent the evidence, and they are below the peptides because that is not what most people come here to read.

1. 01SomatropinBiologicLimited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 2 completed trials, 84 people given it.9 reported

   84 people given it2 trials1 found nothing

   • Take growth hormone away from adults who need it and most things get worse. 60 adults with a pituitary shortage, treated for about ten years, were switched onto a dummy for four months. Their IGF-1 fell sharply. Two aspects of quality of life declined. Waists grew, deep belly fat rose, and cholesterol and an inflammation marker worsened. One thing improved: their response to insulin got better. This is about people with a diagnosed shortage, not about anybody whose own levels are normal.

     The numbers 60 hypopituitary adults on GH for a mean of 10 years were crossed over to four months of placebo. IGF-1 fell from 168 to 98 micrograms per litre, two quality-of-life domains deteriorated, waist circumference and visceral fat rose, and lipids and C-reactive protein worsened, while insulin sensitivity improved.

     Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 2012· 60 peoplepoints the wrong way

   • found nothingGrowth hormone changed what the body was made of without changing what the scales said. Twenty four adults whose bodies made too little growth hormone took it for six months, against others given a dummy version. They gained about 5.5 kg of muscle and lost about 5.7 kg of fat. Total weight barely moved, because the two changes cancelled out. These were people with a diagnosed shortage. It does not say what happens in someone whose own levels are normal.

     The numbers Six months of rhGH in 24 GH-deficient adults raised lean mass by 5.5 kg and cut fat mass by 5.7 kg versus placebo, with no change in body weight.

     New England Journal of Medicine, 1989· 24 people

2. 02SupaglutideBiologicModerate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 3 completed trials, 190 people given it.

   50 people given it1 trial

   • The entire published obesity record for this drug is fifty people. They were spread across five doses and a dummy, starting at an average weight of 92.9 kg. Weight fell 7.16 percent against 0.86 percent on the dummy, and 82.5 percent of treated people lost at least a twentieth of their body weight, against nobody on the dummy. Fat mass fell 4.47 kg. Muscle fell too, by 2.00 kg. This was a dose-ranging study, not an obesity trial, and the drug is not approved for weight management.

     The numbers The entire published obesity efficacy record: 50 participants across five dose cohorts and placebo, mean baseline weight 92.9 kg. Mean weight reduction was 7.16 percent against 0.86 percent on placebo, and 82.5 percent of treated participants lost at least 5 percent against none on placebo. Fat mass fell 4.47 kg and lean mass also fell 2.00 kg. This is a 50 person dose-ranging study, not an obesity efficacy trial, and the compound is not approved for weight management.

     Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, 2026· 50 people

3. 03ClenbuterolSmall moleculeLimited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 2 completed trials, 11 people given it.5 reported

   11 people given it1 trial1 found nothing

   • found nothingClenbuterol does build muscle in people, and it wrecks your fitness while it does. 11 healthy young men took the drug for two weeks and a dummy for two weeks, in turn, with three weeks between. Lean mass rose by just under a kilogram. Fat mass did not move at all, which matters because fat loss is why most people buy it. The most oxygen their bodies could use fell 7 percent, and exercise capacity fell 4 percent. The muscle response faded across the two weeks.

     The numbers The first randomised controlled trial. 11 healthy men aged 18 to 40, two 2-week cycles of oral clenbuterol at 80 micrograms a day versus placebo with a 3-week washout. Lean mass +0.91 kg (95% CI 0.02 to 1.81, p < 0.05), no effect on fat mass, maximal oxygen uptake -7% (p < 0.001), exercise capacity -4% (p < 0.001), no change in left ventricular mass, blood volume or haemoglobin mass. Muscle protein content rose while 3-hydroxyacyl CoA dehydrogenase activity and OXPHOS complex V fell. The beta-2 signalling response declined across the 2 weeks.

     The Journal of Physiology, 2025· 11 people

4. 04LeptinBiologicModerate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 6 completed trials, 844 people given it.5 reported

   3 people given it1 trial

   • Give leptin to the rare children who have none and it transforms them. Three children born unable to make leptin were injected daily for up to four years. Appetite fell, fat mass fell, insulin and blood fats came back towards normal, and puberty arrived at the right age. Immune cells that had been depleted recovered too. This is replacing a missing hormone in people who lack it. It says nothing about giving leptin to people who have plenty. Public money paid for the work.

     The numbers Three children with congenital leptin deficiency treated with daily subcutaneous recombinant human leptin for up to 4 years: sustained reductions in appetite, fat mass, hyperinsulinaemia and hyperlipidaemia, rapid rise in thyroid hormones, appropriately timed puberty, and reversal of reduced CD4 T cell numbers and impaired T cell function. Non-US government funded.

     Journal of Clinical Investigation, 2002· 3 people

5. 05MyostatinBiologicModerate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 3 completed trials, 188 people given it.

   0 people given it1 trial

   • Blocking the receptor, not the hormone, caused big changes in body makeup. Adults with type 2 diabetes and obesity took bimagrumab or a dummy for 48 weeks. Fat fell by about a fifth, 7.5 kg, against almost nothing on the dummy. Muscle rose by 1.7 kg, waists shrank 9 cm, and average blood sugar fell by three quarters of a point. Note what this drug blocks. It shuts the receptor down, so it blocks activin A as well as myostatin.

     The numbers Receptor-level blockade rather than myostatin-only blockade, so it neutralises activin A too. At 48 weeks fat mass fell 20.5% (7.5 kg) against 0.5% on placebo, lean mass rose 3.6% (1.7 kg), waist fell 9.0 cm and HbA1c fell 0.76 points, all p < 0.006.

     JAMA Network Open, 2021· number of people not given

6. 06TrevogrumabBiologicLimited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 1 completed trial, none stating how many people.3 reported

   nobody was given it1 watch-only study

   • Blocking two muscle brakes at once protected most of the muscle people lose on semaglutide. With all three drugs, about 81% of the muscle normally lost was kept, and people lost about 27% more fat than on semaglutide alone. Two drugs instead of three kept about half. These are company-reported figures from a mid-stage trial. The three-drug group also had more side effects, which is covered in the entry beside this one.

     The numbers Triple regimen preserved 80.9% of lean mass with 27.3% more fat loss.

     Regeneron press release, 2025· number of people not givenobserved only, nobody was given it

Peptides and blends

1. 01HGH Fragment 176-191PeptideAnimal or lab only. Only animal or lab studies on this page. No study in people yet. 4 animal studies, no human study.5 reported

   2 animal or lab studies

   What people using it report

   • The recurring comparison is unfavourable. People say growth hormone itself, and the GHRP family, gave them more fat loss and more besides, while this asks for more compliance and returns less.
   • Where fat loss is reported it is described alongside a deliberate diet and training programme, and experienced posters state plainly that nothing happens from the compound alone.

   Measured in animals or in the lab

   • In obese rats, the tail end of growth hormone copied growth hormone's fat burning in fat tissue and slowed weight gain, without blood sugar problems.

     The numbers The C-terminal 177-191 domain of hGH mimicked GH's lipolytic actions on adipose tissue and reduced weight gain in obese rats without insulin resistance.

     Journal of Molecular Endocrinology, 2000· animal study

   • In obese mice, 30 days of the growth hormone fragment by mouth slowed weight gain without changing how much they ate. In a dish, it also sped up fat breakdown in fat tissue taken from obese rodents and from people.

     The numbers 30 days of oral hGH fragment (AOD-9401) lowered weight gain in ob/ob mice without changing food intake and increased lipolysis in obese rodent and human adipose tissue ex vivo.

     American Journal of Physiology: Endocrinology and Metabolism, 2000· animal study

2. 02GhrelinPeptideLimited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 2 completed trials, 27 people given it.1 reported

   1 animal or lab study

   Measured in animals or in the lab

   • In rats and mice. Ghrelin given into the body made them eat more and put on body fat.

     The numbers Peripheral ghrelin increased food intake and body fat in rodents, establishing its role in energy balance.

     Nature, 2000· animal study

3. 03BeinaglutidePeptideModerate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 2 completed trials, 443 people given it.

   1 animal or lab study

   Measured in animals or in the lab

   • In mice made obese on a fatty diet. Treated mice had lower weight, less fat and lower blood fats. Their fat tissue responded better to insulin. The kinds of fat stored in that tissue changed, and so did the genes that handle fat. None of this has been measured in a human study of this drug.

     The numbers Diet-induced obese mice. Treated animals showed lower body weight, fat mass and plasma lipids, improved insulin sensitivity in white adipose tissue, and changes in the content and composition of glycerolipids, glycerophospholipids and sphingolipids alongside altered expression of lipid metabolism genes. A mouse mechanism study; none of these lipidomic endpoints has been measured in a human trial of this drug.

     iScience, 2021· animal study

Supplements

1. 01NMNHSupplementLimited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 1 completed trial, none stating how many people.1 reported

   1 animal or lab study

   Measured in animals or in the lab

   • In a dish and in mice. This paper first made and tested NMNH. It raised NAD more and faster than NMN or NR in cells, by a route that skips two slow enzyme steps. It cut damage and sped up repair in kidney cells starved of oxygen. In mice, it caused a fast, lasting rise of NAD in the blood, and in the liver, kidney, muscle, brain, brown fat and heart, but not in white fat.

     The numbers Synthesis and first characterisation. NMNH raised NAD to a much higher extent and faster than NMN or NR in mammalian cells, through an NRK-independent and NAMPT-independent pathway. It reduced damage and accelerated repair in renal tubular epithelial cells after hypoxia and reoxygenation injury. In mice, administration caused a rapid and sustained NAD surge in whole blood, with increases in liver, kidney, muscle, brain, brown adipose tissue and heart, but not in white adipose tissue.

     FASEB Journal, 2021· animal study

Other compounds

1. 01TrodusquemineSmall moleculeAnimal or lab only. Only animal or lab studies on this page. No study in people yet. 2 animal studies, no human study.4 reported

   1 animal or lab study

   What people using it report

   • Interest is driven entirely by animal results on arterial plaque and on fat mass after a single dose, and posters are explicit that this is what they are extrapolating from.

   Measured in animals or in the lab

   • In fat mice on a rich diet. Weight loss came only from fat.

     The numbers Weight loss confined to adipose tissue.

     Obesity, 2010· animal study

2. 025-Amino-1MQSmall moleculeAnimal or lab only. Only animal or lab studies on this page. No study in people yet. 2 animal studies, no human study.6 reported

   1 animal or lab study

   Measured in animals or in the lab

   • In mice. Blockers of NNMT from the 5-amino-1MQ family cut body weight and fat in mice made fat on a high-fat diet.

     The numbers Small-molecule NNMT inhibitors (the 5-amino-1MQ series) reduced body weight and fat mass in diet-induced obese mice.

     Biochemical Pharmacology, 2018· animal study

3. 03E5 Plasma FractionProcedureAnimal or lab only. Only animal or lab studies on this page. No study in people yet. 4 animal studies, no human study.4 reported

   1 animal or lab study

   Measured in animals or in the lab

   • In mice, and this is the key comparison for this page. Half the plasma was swapped for salt water with 5 percent albumin, with no young plasma added at all. It matched or beat young blood on muscle repair, on fat and scarring in the liver, and on new brain cell growth. If simply thinning the blood does the same job, it gets much harder to argue that young plasma contains some special rejuvenating ingredient.

     The numbers Mouse, and the most important comparison for this page. A single exchange of half the plasma volume for saline containing 5 percent albumin, with no young plasma added at all, met or exceeded the effects of young blood on muscle repair, liver adiposity and fibrosis, and hippocampal neurogenesis. If dilution alone can reproduce the effect, the case that a young plasma fraction contains a specific rejuvenating agent becomes harder to make.

     Aging (Albany NY), 2020· animal study

4. 04Plasma DilutionProcedureLimited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 2 completed trials, 42 people given it.6 reported

   1 animal or lab study

   Measured in animals or in the lab

   • In mice, half the plasma was swapped for salt water with 5 percent albumin. Nothing from a young animal was added. That single swap matched or beat joining a young and an old mouse together, on muscle repair, on fat and scarring in the liver, and on new brain cell growth in old mice. Comparing the proteins in mouse and human blood after the swap showed the body's signals being reset, with some proteins going up rather than down. Funded by the US National Institutes of Health with other support.

     The numbers Mouse. A single exchange of half the plasma volume for saline with 5 percent albumin, adding nothing from a young animal, met or exceeded the effects of heterochronic blood sharing on muscle repair, liver adiposity and fibrosis, and hippocampal neurogenesis in old mice. Comparative proteomics on mouse and human exchanged serum showed a resetting of systemic signalling, with some proteins elevated rather than reduced. NIH funded with non-US government support.

     Aging (Albany NY), 2020· animal study