Peptide finder

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Pick as many as you like. The number on each one is how many people it has been measured in across the whole archive. So you can see where the evidence is before you choose.

1. 01SemaglutidePeptideStrong. At least two finished studies in people, and at least 1,000 people who took it. 12 completed trials, 42,363 people given it.10 reported

   3,808 people1 study

   • Semaglutide was tested properly in Alzheimer's disease and it did not work. Nearly four thousand people whose early Alzheimer's had been confirmed by an amyloid test took a daily semaglutide pill or a dummy pill for two years. Nobody involved knew which. Memory and daily function slipped at the same rate in both...

     The Lancet, 2026 · 3,808 people

2. 02MinocyclineSmall moleculeModerate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 2 completed trials, 966 people given it.

   554 people1 study

   • Tested properly in mild Alzheimer's disease, and it did nothing. 554 people at 32 UK memory clinics were assigned by chance to 400 mg of minocycline, 200 mg, or a dummy pill for two years. Thinking scores fell by roughly four points in every group. Day to day function worsened at the same rate as well. A trial this...

     JAMA Neurology, 2020 · 554 people

3. 03IdebenoneSupplementModerate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 5 completed trials, 732 people given it.

   536 people1 study1 found nothing

   • found nothingIdebenone was tested properly as a brain drug and it did nothing. 536 people with probable Alzheimer's disease took one of three doses or a dummy pill for a year, and nobody involved knew which. Neither of the two main measures, thinking ability and overall clinical change, separated the groups. Nothing else measured...

     Neurology, 2003 · 536 people

4. 04CerebrolysinPeptideStrong. At least two finished studies in people, and at least 1,000 people who took it. 3 completed trials, 1,591 people given it.8 reported

   521 people2 studies

   • The lowest dose helped thinking and the higher doses did not, which is hard to explain. 279 patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer's got one of three doses or a dummy drip for 24 weeks, and nobody involved knew which. Only the smallest dose improved scores on the standard cognition test. The two larger doses did...

     European Journal of Neurology, 2006 · 279 people

   • Cerebrolysin improved thinking scores in vascular dementia, on evidence later graded very weak. 242 patients took it as a drip on top of aspirin for 24 weeks, and nobody involved knew who got the real thing. Scores on the standard cognition test improved by 10.6 points against 4.4 on the dummy. A doctor's overall...

     Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases, 2011 · 242 people

5. 05Therapeutic Plasma ExchangeProcedureModerate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 5 completed trials, 389 people given it.6 reported

   347 people2 studies1 found nothing

   • found nothingPlasma exchange slowed decline in Alzheimer disease, and the company that makes the albumin paid for the trial. 347 people were split by chance between three plasma exchange schedules and a sham procedure. Treatment ran weekly for six weeks, then monthly for a year. At 14 months, treated patients lost about half as...

     Alzheimer's and Dementia, 2020 · 347 people

   • The extra measures from AMBAR moved in the same direction as the main ones. All 347 people in the trial were assessed on memory, language, mood and quality of life alongside the main scores. People with mild disease improved on word fluency and on how quickly they processed information. People with moderate disease...

     Alzheimer's and Dementia, 2022 · number of people not given

6. 06OxytocinPeptideModerate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 2 completed trials, 290 people given it.5 reported

   290 people1 study1 found nothing

   • found nothingOxytocin nasal spray was tested properly in autism and it did not work. Two hundred and ninety children and teenagers used the spray or a dummy every day for about six months, and nobody involved knew which. Social withdrawal, the thing the trial was built to move, was no better on oxytocin. Nothing else measured came...

     New England Journal of Medicine, 2021 · 290 people

7. 07TesamorelinPeptideStrong. At least two finished studies in people, and at least 1,000 people who took it. 8 completed trials, 1,729 people given it.10 reported

   152 people1 study

   • Thinking scores edged up, and this was one modest trial. 152 adults aged 55 to 87 took tesamorelin or a dummy injection daily for about five months. Sixty six of them already had mild memory problems. The drug group did a little better at tests of planning and mental flexibility, by enough to separate from chance....

     Archives of Neurology, 2012 · 152 people

8. 08MCT oilSupplementModerate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 1 completed trial, 152 people given it.6 reported

   152 people1 study

   • It helped, and mostly in people without one particular gene. 152 people with Alzheimer's disease took AC-1202 or a dummy for 90 days. Thinking scores were 1.9 points better than the dummy group at day 45. In the 55 people without the APOE4 gene, the gap was 4.77 points at day 45 and 3.36 at day 90. Stomach upsets were...

     Nutrition and Metabolism, 2009 · 152 people

9. 09Tesamorelin / IpamorelinBlendStrong. At least two finished studies in people, and at least 1,000 people who took it. 5 completed trials, 1,507 people given it.9 reported

   152 people1 study

   • A low dose of tesamorelin nudged thinking in the right direction in older adults. A hundred and fifty two people aged 55 to 87 took it or a dummy shot for five months, and sixty six of them already had mild memory trouble. The gain showed up mainly in planning and mental flexibility. IGF-1 more than doubled while...

     Archives of Neurology, 2012 · 152 people

10. 10SpermidineSupplementModerate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 2 completed trials, 130 people given it.4 reported

    130 people2 studies

    • The bigger memory study missed. SmartAge put 100 older adults on 0.9 mg of spermidine a day, or a dummy pill, for 12 months. 89 finished. The main memory test did not change. The gap was minus 0.03. Side effects were the same in both groups. Side looks at word memory and swelling markers are not the result the study...

      JAMA Network Open, 2022 · 100 people

    • A tiny memory study looked hopeful. 30 older adults who felt their memory was slipping took a spermidine plant extract, or a dummy pill, for three months. Memory scores leaned toward the extract, by a medium amount. The authors said a bigger study would have to confirm it. That bigger study is the next card.

      Cortex, 2018 · 30 people

11. 11ResveratrolSupplementModerate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 14 completed trials, 403 people given it.7 reported

    125 people2 studies1 found nothing

    • found nothingThe longest resveratrol trial found a small gain in thinking that has not been confirmed since. 125 women past menopause, aged 45 to 85, took 75 mg twice a day for a year and a dummy pill for another year. Their overall thinking scores came out better on resveratrol, though the gain was small. Blood flow in the brain,...

      Clinical Nutrition, 2021 · 125 people

    • Blood flow to the front of the brain went up, and thinking did not improve. Twenty-two healthy adults took one dose of 250 or 500 mg. The bigger the dose, the more blood flowed to the frontal cortex during mental tasks, and the tissue appeared to pull more oxygen out of it. Performance on those tasks did not change....

      American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2010 · number of people not given

12. 12CreatineSupplementModerate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 3 completed trials, 168 people given it.5 reported

    123 people1 study

    • Creatine did nothing for thinking, and it caused more complaints than the dummy did. 123 people took part, about half of them vegetarian. Tests of mental performance came out the same whichever they were given. More of the people on creatine reported side effects than the people on the dummy. Creatine has good...

      BMC Medicine, 2023 · 123 people

13. 13Low-dose lithiumSupplementModerate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 3 completed trials, 106 people given it.5 reported

    106 people3 studies

    • Over two years the untreated group declined and the lithium group did not. 61 older adults living at home with mild memory problems took low-dose lithium or a dummy for two years, nobody knowing which, then were followed two years more. The dummy group got worse on thinking and on daily function. The lithium group...

      British Journal of Psychiatry, 2019 · 61 people

    • Prescription lithium, at a low monitored dose, moved a brain marker and some thinking scores. 45 people with memory problems took lithium or a dummy for a year, nobody knowing which. Doses were adjusted by blood test to a range below the usual psychiatric one. A tau protein in the spinal fluid fell, and scores on an...

      British Journal of Psychiatry, 2011 · 45 people

    • This is the only trial at a dose anything like the supplements on sale, and it is one small study. People with Alzheimer's disease took 300 micrograms of lithium once a day for 15 months. The treated group's mental state scores held while the untreated group's fell, with the gap opening from three months and widening...

      Current Alzheimer Research, 2013 · number of people not given

14. 14EGCGSupplementStrong. At least two finished studies in people, and at least 1,000 people who took it. 3 completed trials, 1,172 people given it.5 reported

    87 people1 study1 found nothing

    • found nothingA year of EGCG alongside cognitive training changed almost nothing. 87 adults aged 16 to 34 with Down's syndrome took EGCG or a dummy for a year, both groups doing the training, nobody knowing which. 13 of the 15 cognitive tests showed no difference, and neither did 8 of the 9 everyday skills measures. Gains showed up...

      Lancet Neurology, 2016 · 87 people

15. 15PQQSupplementModerate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 3 completed trials, 116 people given it.5 reported

    98 people2 studies

    • PQQ beat a dummy pill on a computer battery of thinking tests, and the industry that sells it ran the study. 64 healthy Japanese adults aged 40 to under 80 took it for twelve weeks and 58 finished. The PQQ group improved on memory, reaction time, attention, mental flexibility, planning and motor speed. No side effects...

      Journal of the American Nutrition Association, 2022 · 64 people

    • Nothing here can be pinned on PQQ. 34 older people with mild memory problems took a six week product that combined PQQ with hydrogen producing minerals, so the two cannot be told apart. A brain growth protein rose inside the treated group but did not clearly pull away from the comparison group, and that was the main...

      The Journal of Nutrition, Health and Aging, 2024 · 34 people

16. 16AmbroxolSmall moleculeLimited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 2 completed trials, 73 people given it.1 reported

    55 people1 study

    • The proper trial was finally run, and it came back empty. 55 people with Parkinson disease dementia were assigned by chance to 525 mg of ambroxol a day, 1,050 mg, or a dummy, for a year. Nobody knew which. Comparing the high dose against the dummy, nothing separated the groups on thinking scores or on anything else....

      JAMA Neurology, 2025 · 55 people

17. 17OxaloacetateSupplementModerate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 2 completed trials, 112 people given it.4 reported

    30 people1 study1 found nothing

    • found nothingIt was safe and it reached the brain, but thinking did not get better. 30 people with Alzheimer's disease, 15 in each group, took 500 or 1,000 mg twice a day for one month. Both doses were tolerated. The higher dose raised how much sugar the brain took up in several regions and lifted an antioxidant in two of them....

      Alzheimer's and Dementia, 2021 · 30 people

18. 18NAD+ / B ComplexBlendLimited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 5 completed trials, 34 people given it.8 reported

    number of people not given2 studies2 found nothing

    • found nothingThe blood test improved and the person did not. Two hundred and seventy one older people with diabetes and borderline low B12 took a high dose of it, or a dummy, for over two years. Two blood markers of B12 shortage dropped, exactly as they should. Thinking and memory declined at the same rate in both groups. This is...

      Clinical Nutrition, 2017 · number of people not given

    • found nothingThe same lesson again, in people already losing their memory. Two hundred and seventy nine older adults with mild memory trouble took B12 with folic acid, or a dummy, for two years. Homocysteine, the blood marker the whole theory hangs on, fell by about a third. Their decline in thinking was no slower than the dummy...

      Clinical Nutrition, 2020 · number of people not given

19. 19OveporextonSmall moleculeModerate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 6 completed trials, 441 people given it.

    number of people not given2 studies

    • Attention and memory improved too, but this was a second look at an earlier trial. Researchers went back to the 112 person study and scored thinking tests. People on the drug lapsed in attention far less often than on the dummy, and made many fewer errors on a word pairing task. Executive function tests moved the same...

      JAMA Neurology, 2026 · number of people not given

    • This paper worked out how much better attention has to get to count as real, then applied it. Using the two big studies, the team decided two fewer lapses is a change a person would notice. On that yardstick, about two thirds on the drug improved in the first study, against a quarter on the dummy pill. In the second...

      Therapeutic Innovation and Regulatory Science, 2026 · number of people not given

20. 20Vitamin B12SupplementLimited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 2 completed trials, none stating how many people.4 reported

    number of people not given1 study1 found nothing

    • found nothingThe vitamins fixed the blood marker and left the brain exactly where it was. 279 outpatients aged 65 and over with mild memory problems and a raised homocysteine level took methylcobalamin with folic acid or a dummy for two years. Homocysteine fell a long way, from about 14 down to about 9. Thinking declined at the...

      Clinical Nutrition, 2020 · number of people not given

21. 21GlyNACSupplementLimited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 2 completed trials, none stating how many people.3 reported

    number of people not given1 study

    • Older adults improved on several fronts, in a study with nobody to compare them against. Over 24 weeks the supplement corrected a shortage of the body's main antioxidant, and strength, walking speed and thinking all improved. The benefits then faded once people stopped, which at least points back at the supplement....

      Clinical and Translational Medicine, 2021 · number of people not given

22. 22BuntanetapSmall moleculeLimited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 1 completed trial, none stating how many people.1 reported

    number of people not given1 study

    • The early signal was hopeful, and the study was far too small to trust. Fourteen people with early Alzheimer's and 54 with early Parkinson's took buntanetap or a dummy pill. The drug was safe up to 80 mg a day, and the Alzheimer's group scored better on two thinking tests. Here is the problem. Fourteen people cannot...

      Journal of Prevention of Alzheimer's Disease, 2023 · number of people not given

23. 23Metformin plus rapamycinSmall moleculePreliminary. Studied in people, but no published study has had people take it. 2 registered with no result.2 reported

    number of people not given1 study

    • The one trial testing this pair cannot tell the two drugs apart. 30 people are enrolled by AgelessRx, an online company that prescribes these drugs, and it is no longer signing people up. Every group stacks rapamycin and metformin together with low-dose naltrexone, NAD+ up the nose, glutathione on the skin and a...

      ClinicalTrials.gov, 2025 · number of people not given

24. 24LamivudineSmall moleculeLimited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 1 completed trial, none stating how many people.3 reported

    number of people not given1 study

    • This is the only time the idea has been tried in people, and it was not built to show benefit. 12 people with early Alzheimer disease took 300 mg of lamivudine a day. Everybody knew what they were taking and there was nothing to compare against. Safety looked acceptable and thinking scores held steady. A marker of...

      npj Dementia, 2025 · number of people not given