GLP-1
Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 (native incretin hormone)
Also known as: GLP-1 (7-36)
The natural gut hormone behind the entire GLP-1 drug class, released after eating to boost insulin and reduce appetite.
Overview
GLP-1 is an incretin hormone released from the gut after meals that stimulates insulin, suppresses glucagon, slows gastric emptying, and reduces appetite. Native GLP-1 is broken down within minutes, which is why long-acting analogues like semaglutide and tirzepatide were engineered. Understanding native GLP-1 explains how the blockbuster metabolic drugs work.
Mechanism of action
Activates GLP-1 receptors to drive glucose-dependent insulin secretion, suppress glucagon, slow gastric emptying, and reduce food intake.
Key studies & citations
- Review2007
The physiology of glucagon-like peptide 1
Holst's definitive review of GLP-1 secretion, degradation and incretin, glucagon-suppressing, gastric and appetite actions.
Physiological Reviews - Review2019
Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1)
Comprehensive review of GLP-1 biology and pharmacology across metabolic and neurodegenerative disease.
Molecular Metabolism - Review2023
The expanding incretin universe: from basic biology to clinical translation
Reviews how GIP and GLP-1 potentiate insulin and regulate glucagon, and how that biology translated into incretin-based drugs.
Diabetologia
Frequently asked questions
Why not just use native GLP-1?
Native GLP-1 is degraded within a couple of minutes. Drugs like semaglutide are engineered analogues that resist breakdown so the effect lasts days.