Fat loss and metabolism
What actually works for fat loss?
The most heavily trialled area on this site by a wide margin, and the one where the gap between marketing and measurement is smallest, because the drugs that work here were tested in tens of thousands of people.
78 compounds studied for this · 26 with three or more human studies cited · 13 with none
Three or more human studies cited 26
The deepest human evidence on this site for this goal. That is a statement about how much has been measured, not about whether it will work for you.
Semaglutide
5 citedA long-acting GLP-1 receptor agonist approved for type 2 diabetes and chronic weight management, with proven cardiovascu...
MetabolicTirzepatide
4 citedA first-in-class dual GIP and GLP-1 receptor agonist with superior weight loss and glycemic control versus GLP-1 mono-ag...
MetabolicRetatrutide
3 citedAn investigational once-weekly triple receptor agonist producing the largest pharmacological weight loss reported to dat...
MetabolicResveratrol
14 citedThe polyphenol behind the sirtuin era of longevity research and one of the most heavily trialled supplements in this dat...
LongevityNattokinase
13 citedA fibrinolytic enzyme from Bacillus subtilis natto fermentation with a genuinely large human trial record for a suppleme...
LongevityMOTS-c
8 citedA mitochondrial-derived peptide with a real human literature: a common East Asian genetic variant, circulating levels me...
LongevityHumanin
5 citedA mitochondrial-derived peptide with a genuine human observational record: it declines with age, runs high in children o...
LongevityOrforglipron
5 citedAn investigational once-daily oral GLP-1 receptor agonist that is a small molecule rather than a peptide, studied for ob...
MetabolicPramlintide
4 citedAn FDA-approved synthetic amylin analogue used with insulin to improve post-meal glucose control and reduce appetite.
MetabolicDanuglipron
4 citedPfizer's oral small-molecule GLP-1 agonist whose development was discontinued after tolerability and safety signals.
MetabolicNicotinamide Riboside
4 citedA well-studied NAD+ precursor that reliably raises NAD+ in humans. Raising the molecule is proven; the mouse lifespan pr...
LongevityCagrilintide
3 citedAn investigational once-weekly amylin agonist studied with semaglutide (CagriSema) for powerful combined weight loss.
MetabolicSurvodutide
3 citedAn investigational once-weekly GLP-1 and glucagon receptor dual agonist studied for obesity and metabolic liver disease.
MetabolicTeduglutide
3 citedAn FDA-approved GLP-2 analogue that promotes intestinal growth in short bowel syndrome, reducing dependence on IV nutrit...
MetabolicCagriSema
3 citedA fixed combination of the amylin analogue cagrilintide and semaglutide that produced about 23% weight loss in Phase 3 a...
MetabolicVK2735
3 citedViking Therapeutics' dual GLP-1 and GIP agonist in Phase 3 as an injection, with an oral version showing rapid early wei...
MetabolicAmycretin
3 citedNovo Nordisk's single-molecule GLP-1 and amylin agonist, in oral and injectable forms, that showed strong early weight l...
MetabolicPemvidutide
3 citedAltimmune's GLP-1 and glucagon dual agonist being developed for obesity and metabolic liver disease, with a focus on pre...
MetabolicEcnoglutide
3 citedA long-acting GLP-1 agonist in Phase 3 development, notable for the potential of extended, less frequent dosing.
MetabolicEloralintide
3 citedLilly's selective amylin agonist that reached about 20% weight loss in Phase 2 with milder gut side effects than GLP-1 d...
MetabolicBerobenatide
3 citedAn ultra-long-acting GLP-1 agonist with a roughly 15-day half-life built for once-monthly injection, the centerpiece of...
MetabolicRibupatide
3 citedA once-weekly GLP-1/GIP dual agonist in the tirzepatide class that delivered 19.2% weight loss at 48 weeks in a Chinese...
MetabolicEnicepatide
3 citedRoche's signaling-biased GLP-1/GIP dual agonist that produced 22.5% placebo-adjusted weight loss at 48 weeks in Phase 2,...
MetabolicHRS-7535
3 citedHengrui's once-daily oral GLP-1 pill with two positive Chinese Phase 3 trials (about 11% weight loss at 50 weeks), filed...
MetabolicEnobosarm
3 citedThe selective androgen receptor modulator known on the gray market as ostarine, now in formal trials where 3 mg cut lean...
Muscle & PerformanceEfimosfermin alfa
3 citedGSK's once-monthly FGF21 analog, acquired for $1.2 billion upfront, with FDA Breakthrough Therapy designation for MASH a...
MetabolicOne or two human studies cited 39
Something has been run in people, and it is a thin base. The count is on each card so you can see exactly how thin.
Liraglutide
2 citedA once-daily GLP-1 receptor agonist and the first GLP-1 approved specifically for obesity, with proven cardiovascular be...
MetabolicExenatide
2 citedThe first approved GLP-1 receptor agonist, derived from Gila monster venom, which established the entire drug class.
MetabolicDulaglutide
2 citedA once-weekly GLP-1 receptor agonist for type 2 diabetes with demonstrated cardiovascular risk reduction.
MetabolicSetmelanotide
2 citedAn FDA-approved MC4R agonist for rare genetic forms of obesity driven by defects in the melanocortin pathway.
MelanocortinNMN
2 citedA direct NAD+ precursor studied for metabolic and physical-function benefits in aging, with early human trials and a con...
LongevityMazdutide
2 citedAn investigational GLP-1 and glucagon receptor dual agonist studied for obesity and type 2 diabetes, with advanced trial...
MetabolicGhrelin
2 citedThe body's own hunger hormone and the natural trigger for growth hormone release, and the template for the entire GHRP p...
Growth HormoneLixisenatide
2 citedAn FDA-approved once-daily GLP-1 receptor agonist for type 2 diabetes, also studied for effects beyond glucose control.
MetabolicGLP-1
2 citedThe natural gut hormone behind the entire GLP-1 drug class, released after eating to boost insulin and reduce appetite.
MetabolicEfpeglenatide
2 citedAn investigational long-acting GLP-1 agonist that showed cardiovascular and kidney benefits in a large outcomes trial.
MetabolicGlucagon
2 citedThe hormone that raises blood sugar, FDA-approved as an emergency treatment for severe hypoglycemia and a target of the...
MetabolicTesofensine
2 citedAn investigational non-peptide weight-loss drug that suppresses appetite by acting on brain neurotransmitters.
MetabolicAlpha-Lipoic Acid
2 citedA versatile antioxidant compound studied for diabetic nerve pain and metabolic health, sold as a supplement and used as...
AntioxidantVitamin B12
2 citedAn essential vitamin given by injection for deficiency and widely offered in wellness clinics for energy, though benefit...
MetabolicMariTide
2 citedAmgen's monthly-dosed obesity drug that pairs GLP-1 activation with GIP receptor blockade, reaching around 20% weight lo...
MetabolicPetrelintide
2 citedA once-weekly amylin analogue from Zealand and Roche being developed as a potentially better-tolerated obesity treatment...
MetabolicBimagrumab
2 citedA muscle-preserving antibody that blocks activin receptors to reduce fat while increasing lean mass, being studied along...
MetabolicEfocipegtrutide
2 citedA triple GLP-1, GIP, and glucagon agonist developed mainly for metabolic liver disease.
MetabolicAleniglipron
2 citedStructure Therapeutics' once-daily oral small-molecule GLP-1 agonist that produced 16.3% placebo-adjusted weight loss at...
MetabolicElecoglipron
2 citedAstraZeneca's once-daily oral GLP-1 pill, 10.5% weight loss at 26 weeks in Phase 2b, now entering a broad Phase 3 progra...
MetabolicUBT251
2 citedNovo Nordisk's licensed triple agonist that produced up to 19.7% weight loss in 24 weeks in a Chinese Phase 2, the compa...
MetabolicAZD6234
2 citedAstraZeneca's weekly amylin analog that jumped to Phase 3 in 2026 as a monotherapy and as an add-on to GLP-1 drugs, with...
MetabolicNimacimab
2 citedAn antibody that blocks the cannabinoid CB1 receptor outside the brain; alone it did little, but with semaglutide it rea...
MetabolicMonlunabant
2 citedNovo Nordisk's oral peripherally acting CB1 blocker: 7.1 kg weight loss in 16 weeks in Phase 2a, but with dose-related a...
MetabolicBI 3034701
2 citedBoehringer Ingelheim's first-in-class triple agonist that swaps glucagon for the NPY2 (PYY-type) satiety receptor, enter...
MetabolicApitegromab
2 citedAn antibody against latent myostatin, under FDA review for spinal muscular atrophy (decision due September 30, 2026) and...
Muscle & PerformanceTrevogrumab
2 citedRegeneron's anti-myostatin antibody, alone or with the anti-activin antibody garetosmab, preserved 51% to 81% of lean ma...
Muscle & PerformanceTaldefgrobep alfa
2 citedBiohaven's anti-myostatin/activin fusion protein being tested as a standalone weight-loss drug, with a Phase 2 obesity r...
Muscle & PerformanceEfruxifermin
2 citedA weekly FGF21 analog that missed its 36-week primary endpoint in compensated MASH cirrhosis but improved fibrosis in 29...
MetabolicPegozafermin
2 citedA glycoPEGylated FGF21 analog dosed weekly or every two weeks, now owned by Roche and in two Phase 3 MASH trials.
MetabolicLanifibranor
2 citedAn oral pan-PPAR agonist for MASH whose 1,000-patient Phase 3 (NATiV3) completed its last patient visit in September 202...
MetabolicNAD+
1 citedA central metabolic coenzyme marketed via IV and injectable forms for anti-aging and recovery, with declining levels in...
LongevityAOD-9604
1 citedA modified fragment of growth hormone developed for obesity that promotes fat metabolism in animals but failed to beat p...
MetabolicL-Carnitine
1 citedAn amino-acid-derived compound essential for fat metabolism, FDA-approved for genuine deficiency and widely used for ene...
Muscle & PerformanceCalcium AKG
1 citedA metabolite supplement studied for healthy aging. One mouse study reported longer life; the multi-site replication prog...
LongevityMET-233i
1 citedPfizer's monthly amylin analog (from Metsera) with a 19-day half-life, being co-formulated with berobenatide into a once...
MetabolicATX-304
1 citedAn oral AMPK activator with one 28-day human pilot in type 2 diabetes and recent mouse data, now sold as a research chem...
MetabolicCardarine
1 citedA PPAR-delta agonist GSK stopped developing, reportedly after long-term rodent studies produced cancers in multiple orga...
MetabolicPancragen
1 citedA Khavinson tetrapeptide sold as a pancreatic bioregulator riding the metabolic-health wave; the evidence is cell, anima...
MetabolicNo human study cited here 13
Studied in other species or in cell culture, or studied in people for something else entirely. Listed rather than hidden, because knowing a thing has not been tested in a person is the useful part.
GHRP-6
none citedAn early GH secretagogue hexapeptide that strongly stimulates growth hormone and appetite.
Growth HormoneHGH Fragment 176-191
none citedThe lipolytic C-terminal fragment of growth hormone studied in animals for fat loss without growth-hormone-like effects...
MetabolicAdipotide
none citedAn experimental peptide that targets the blood supply of white fat, causing dramatic weight loss in primates but with si...
MetabolicGLP-2
none citedA natural gut hormone that promotes growth and repair of the intestinal lining, the basis for the drug teduglutide.
Metabolic5-Amino-1MQ
none citedAn experimental small-molecule enzyme inhibitor studied in animals for fat metabolism and muscle, popular on longevity r...
MetabolicAlpha-MSH
none citedThe natural melanocortin hormone behind skin pigmentation, appetite, and inflammation, and the template for melanotan an...
MelanocortinSLU-PP-332
none citedAn experimental 'exercise mimetic' that activates energy-metabolism pathways in animals, with no human data yet.
Muscle & PerformanceSRK-439
none citedScholar Rock's follow-on to apitegromab, engineered for self-injection alongside GLP-1 drugs; Phase 1 readout expected i...
Muscle & PerformanceBRP
none citedA 12 amino acid peptide discovered by AI-guided prohormone screening at Stanford that cut food intake by up to half in m...
MetabolicTrodusquemine
none citedAn aminosterol PTP1B inhibitor from dogfish shark that regenerated heart tissue in zebrafish and mice and caused fat-spe...
MetabolicBAM15
none citedA mitochondrial uncoupler that reversed obesity and insulin resistance in mice with a wider safety margin than DNP, now...
MetabolicTrigonelline
none citedA natural NAD+ precursor found in coffee and fenugreek that improved muscle function in aged mice and worms and is lower...
LongevitySR9009
none citedA REV-ERB agonist marketed as an exercise mimetic. No human study of any design has been published, oral bioavailability...
MetabolicFasting worth reading alongside this
16:8 Time-Restricted Eating
All food inside an 8-hour window, most often noon to 8pm, with no calories for the other 16 hours. It is the most heavily trialled fasting pattern, and the trials disagree about whether the window itself does anything once calories are accounted for.
The 5:2 Diet
Two very-low-calorie days a week, usually 500 to 600 kcal, with normal eating on the other five. Across five randomised trials of 6 to 12 months it produced weight loss and cardiometabolic change similar to daily calorie restriction. The consistent difference is adherence and reported hunger, not physiology.
Alternate-Day Fasting
A fast day every other day, usually at 25% of energy needs rather than zero. It matched daily calorie restriction on weight over a year, had the highest dropout of any arm in that trial, and raised LDL cholesterol relative to daily restriction by month 12.
What the number counts, exactly
The figure on each card is the number of citations on that compound’s page whose study type is Human. It is counted the same mechanical way for all 192 compounds and you can check any of it by opening the profile and reading the citation list, which is the whole point of publishing a number at all.
It is a count of what we cite, not a claim about how much research exists. A compound with three human studies here may have thirty in the literature, and the honest thing to say is that we have read and listed three. It is also not a quality score: three small open-label studies count the same as three randomised trials, so the tiers tell you how much was measured in people and the page itself tells you how well.