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Fat loss and metabolism

What actually works for fat loss?

The most heavily trialled area on this site by a wide margin, and the one where the gap between marketing and measurement is smallest, because the drugs that work here were tested in tens of thousands of people.

78 compounds studied for this · 26 with three or more human studies cited · 13 with none

Three or more human studies cited 26

The deepest human evidence on this site for this goal. That is a statement about how much has been measured, not about whether it will work for you.

Semaglutide

5 cited

A long-acting GLP-1 receptor agonist approved for type 2 diabetes and chronic weight management, with proven cardiovascu...

Metabolic

Tirzepatide

4 cited

A first-in-class dual GIP and GLP-1 receptor agonist with superior weight loss and glycemic control versus GLP-1 mono-ag...

Metabolic

Retatrutide

3 cited

An investigational once-weekly triple receptor agonist producing the largest pharmacological weight loss reported to dat...

Metabolic

Resveratrol

14 cited

The polyphenol behind the sirtuin era of longevity research and one of the most heavily trialled supplements in this dat...

Longevity

Nattokinase

13 cited

A fibrinolytic enzyme from Bacillus subtilis natto fermentation with a genuinely large human trial record for a suppleme...

Longevity

MOTS-c

8 cited

A mitochondrial-derived peptide with a real human literature: a common East Asian genetic variant, circulating levels me...

Longevity

Humanin

5 cited

A mitochondrial-derived peptide with a genuine human observational record: it declines with age, runs high in children o...

Longevity

Orforglipron

5 cited

An investigational once-daily oral GLP-1 receptor agonist that is a small molecule rather than a peptide, studied for ob...

Metabolic

Pramlintide

4 cited

An FDA-approved synthetic amylin analogue used with insulin to improve post-meal glucose control and reduce appetite.

Metabolic

Danuglipron

4 cited

Pfizer's oral small-molecule GLP-1 agonist whose development was discontinued after tolerability and safety signals.

Metabolic

Nicotinamide Riboside

4 cited

A well-studied NAD+ precursor that reliably raises NAD+ in humans. Raising the molecule is proven; the mouse lifespan pr...

Longevity

Cagrilintide

3 cited

An investigational once-weekly amylin agonist studied with semaglutide (CagriSema) for powerful combined weight loss.

Metabolic

Survodutide

3 cited

An investigational once-weekly GLP-1 and glucagon receptor dual agonist studied for obesity and metabolic liver disease.

Metabolic

Teduglutide

3 cited

An FDA-approved GLP-2 analogue that promotes intestinal growth in short bowel syndrome, reducing dependence on IV nutrit...

Metabolic

CagriSema

3 cited

A fixed combination of the amylin analogue cagrilintide and semaglutide that produced about 23% weight loss in Phase 3 a...

Metabolic

VK2735

3 cited

Viking Therapeutics' dual GLP-1 and GIP agonist in Phase 3 as an injection, with an oral version showing rapid early wei...

Metabolic

Amycretin

3 cited

Novo Nordisk's single-molecule GLP-1 and amylin agonist, in oral and injectable forms, that showed strong early weight l...

Metabolic

Pemvidutide

3 cited

Altimmune's GLP-1 and glucagon dual agonist being developed for obesity and metabolic liver disease, with a focus on pre...

Metabolic

Ecnoglutide

3 cited

A long-acting GLP-1 agonist in Phase 3 development, notable for the potential of extended, less frequent dosing.

Metabolic

Eloralintide

3 cited

Lilly's selective amylin agonist that reached about 20% weight loss in Phase 2 with milder gut side effects than GLP-1 d...

Metabolic

Berobenatide

3 cited

An ultra-long-acting GLP-1 agonist with a roughly 15-day half-life built for once-monthly injection, the centerpiece of...

Metabolic

Ribupatide

3 cited

A once-weekly GLP-1/GIP dual agonist in the tirzepatide class that delivered 19.2% weight loss at 48 weeks in a Chinese...

Metabolic

Enicepatide

3 cited

Roche's signaling-biased GLP-1/GIP dual agonist that produced 22.5% placebo-adjusted weight loss at 48 weeks in Phase 2,...

Metabolic

HRS-7535

3 cited

Hengrui's once-daily oral GLP-1 pill with two positive Chinese Phase 3 trials (about 11% weight loss at 50 weeks), filed...

Metabolic

Enobosarm

3 cited

The selective androgen receptor modulator known on the gray market as ostarine, now in formal trials where 3 mg cut lean...

Muscle & Performance

Efimosfermin alfa

3 cited

GSK's once-monthly FGF21 analog, acquired for $1.2 billion upfront, with FDA Breakthrough Therapy designation for MASH a...

Metabolic

One or two human studies cited 39

Something has been run in people, and it is a thin base. The count is on each card so you can see exactly how thin.

Liraglutide

2 cited

A once-daily GLP-1 receptor agonist and the first GLP-1 approved specifically for obesity, with proven cardiovascular be...

Metabolic

Exenatide

2 cited

The first approved GLP-1 receptor agonist, derived from Gila monster venom, which established the entire drug class.

Metabolic

Dulaglutide

2 cited

A once-weekly GLP-1 receptor agonist for type 2 diabetes with demonstrated cardiovascular risk reduction.

Metabolic

Setmelanotide

2 cited

An FDA-approved MC4R agonist for rare genetic forms of obesity driven by defects in the melanocortin pathway.

Melanocortin

NMN

2 cited

A direct NAD+ precursor studied for metabolic and physical-function benefits in aging, with early human trials and a con...

Longevity

Mazdutide

2 cited

An investigational GLP-1 and glucagon receptor dual agonist studied for obesity and type 2 diabetes, with advanced trial...

Metabolic

Ghrelin

2 cited

The body's own hunger hormone and the natural trigger for growth hormone release, and the template for the entire GHRP p...

Growth Hormone

Lixisenatide

2 cited

An FDA-approved once-daily GLP-1 receptor agonist for type 2 diabetes, also studied for effects beyond glucose control.

Metabolic

GLP-1

2 cited

The natural gut hormone behind the entire GLP-1 drug class, released after eating to boost insulin and reduce appetite.

Metabolic

Efpeglenatide

2 cited

An investigational long-acting GLP-1 agonist that showed cardiovascular and kidney benefits in a large outcomes trial.

Metabolic

Glucagon

2 cited

The hormone that raises blood sugar, FDA-approved as an emergency treatment for severe hypoglycemia and a target of the...

Metabolic

Tesofensine

2 cited

An investigational non-peptide weight-loss drug that suppresses appetite by acting on brain neurotransmitters.

Metabolic

Alpha-Lipoic Acid

2 cited

A versatile antioxidant compound studied for diabetic nerve pain and metabolic health, sold as a supplement and used as...

Antioxidant

Vitamin B12

2 cited

An essential vitamin given by injection for deficiency and widely offered in wellness clinics for energy, though benefit...

Metabolic

MariTide

2 cited

Amgen's monthly-dosed obesity drug that pairs GLP-1 activation with GIP receptor blockade, reaching around 20% weight lo...

Metabolic

Petrelintide

2 cited

A once-weekly amylin analogue from Zealand and Roche being developed as a potentially better-tolerated obesity treatment...

Metabolic

Bimagrumab

2 cited

A muscle-preserving antibody that blocks activin receptors to reduce fat while increasing lean mass, being studied along...

Metabolic

Efocipegtrutide

2 cited

A triple GLP-1, GIP, and glucagon agonist developed mainly for metabolic liver disease.

Metabolic

Aleniglipron

2 cited

Structure Therapeutics' once-daily oral small-molecule GLP-1 agonist that produced 16.3% placebo-adjusted weight loss at...

Metabolic

Elecoglipron

2 cited

AstraZeneca's once-daily oral GLP-1 pill, 10.5% weight loss at 26 weeks in Phase 2b, now entering a broad Phase 3 progra...

Metabolic

UBT251

2 cited

Novo Nordisk's licensed triple agonist that produced up to 19.7% weight loss in 24 weeks in a Chinese Phase 2, the compa...

Metabolic

AZD6234

2 cited

AstraZeneca's weekly amylin analog that jumped to Phase 3 in 2026 as a monotherapy and as an add-on to GLP-1 drugs, with...

Metabolic

Nimacimab

2 cited

An antibody that blocks the cannabinoid CB1 receptor outside the brain; alone it did little, but with semaglutide it rea...

Metabolic

Monlunabant

2 cited

Novo Nordisk's oral peripherally acting CB1 blocker: 7.1 kg weight loss in 16 weeks in Phase 2a, but with dose-related a...

Metabolic

BI 3034701

2 cited

Boehringer Ingelheim's first-in-class triple agonist that swaps glucagon for the NPY2 (PYY-type) satiety receptor, enter...

Metabolic

Apitegromab

2 cited

An antibody against latent myostatin, under FDA review for spinal muscular atrophy (decision due September 30, 2026) and...

Muscle & Performance

Trevogrumab

2 cited

Regeneron's anti-myostatin antibody, alone or with the anti-activin antibody garetosmab, preserved 51% to 81% of lean ma...

Muscle & Performance

Taldefgrobep alfa

2 cited

Biohaven's anti-myostatin/activin fusion protein being tested as a standalone weight-loss drug, with a Phase 2 obesity r...

Muscle & Performance

Efruxifermin

2 cited

A weekly FGF21 analog that missed its 36-week primary endpoint in compensated MASH cirrhosis but improved fibrosis in 29...

Metabolic

Pegozafermin

2 cited

A glycoPEGylated FGF21 analog dosed weekly or every two weeks, now owned by Roche and in two Phase 3 MASH trials.

Metabolic

Lanifibranor

2 cited

An oral pan-PPAR agonist for MASH whose 1,000-patient Phase 3 (NATiV3) completed its last patient visit in September 202...

Metabolic

NAD+

1 cited

A central metabolic coenzyme marketed via IV and injectable forms for anti-aging and recovery, with declining levels in...

Longevity

AOD-9604

1 cited

A modified fragment of growth hormone developed for obesity that promotes fat metabolism in animals but failed to beat p...

Metabolic

L-Carnitine

1 cited

An amino-acid-derived compound essential for fat metabolism, FDA-approved for genuine deficiency and widely used for ene...

Muscle & Performance

Calcium AKG

1 cited

A metabolite supplement studied for healthy aging. One mouse study reported longer life; the multi-site replication prog...

Longevity

MET-233i

1 cited

Pfizer's monthly amylin analog (from Metsera) with a 19-day half-life, being co-formulated with berobenatide into a once...

Metabolic

ATX-304

1 cited

An oral AMPK activator with one 28-day human pilot in type 2 diabetes and recent mouse data, now sold as a research chem...

Metabolic

Cardarine

1 cited

A PPAR-delta agonist GSK stopped developing, reportedly after long-term rodent studies produced cancers in multiple orga...

Metabolic

Pancragen

1 cited

A Khavinson tetrapeptide sold as a pancreatic bioregulator riding the metabolic-health wave; the evidence is cell, anima...

Metabolic

No human study cited here 13

Studied in other species or in cell culture, or studied in people for something else entirely. Listed rather than hidden, because knowing a thing has not been tested in a person is the useful part.

GHRP-6

none cited

An early GH secretagogue hexapeptide that strongly stimulates growth hormone and appetite.

Growth Hormone

HGH Fragment 176-191

none cited

The lipolytic C-terminal fragment of growth hormone studied in animals for fat loss without growth-hormone-like effects...

Metabolic

Adipotide

none cited

An experimental peptide that targets the blood supply of white fat, causing dramatic weight loss in primates but with si...

Metabolic

GLP-2

none cited

A natural gut hormone that promotes growth and repair of the intestinal lining, the basis for the drug teduglutide.

Metabolic

5-Amino-1MQ

none cited

An experimental small-molecule enzyme inhibitor studied in animals for fat metabolism and muscle, popular on longevity r...

Metabolic

Alpha-MSH

none cited

The natural melanocortin hormone behind skin pigmentation, appetite, and inflammation, and the template for melanotan an...

Melanocortin

SLU-PP-332

none cited

An experimental 'exercise mimetic' that activates energy-metabolism pathways in animals, with no human data yet.

Muscle & Performance

SRK-439

none cited

Scholar Rock's follow-on to apitegromab, engineered for self-injection alongside GLP-1 drugs; Phase 1 readout expected i...

Muscle & Performance

BRP

none cited

A 12 amino acid peptide discovered by AI-guided prohormone screening at Stanford that cut food intake by up to half in m...

Metabolic

Trodusquemine

none cited

An aminosterol PTP1B inhibitor from dogfish shark that regenerated heart tissue in zebrafish and mice and caused fat-spe...

Metabolic

BAM15

none cited

A mitochondrial uncoupler that reversed obesity and insulin resistance in mice with a wider safety margin than DNP, now...

Metabolic

Trigonelline

none cited

A natural NAD+ precursor found in coffee and fenugreek that improved muscle function in aged mice and worms and is lower...

Longevity

SR9009

none cited

A REV-ERB agonist marketed as an exercise mimetic. No human study of any design has been published, oral bioavailability...

Metabolic

Fasting worth reading alongside this

What the number counts, exactly

The figure on each card is the number of citations on that compound’s page whose study type is Human. It is counted the same mechanical way for all 192 compounds and you can check any of it by opening the profile and reading the citation list, which is the whole point of publishing a number at all.

It is a count of what we cite, not a claim about how much research exists. A compound with three human studies here may have thirty in the literature, and the honest thing to say is that we have read and listed three. It is also not a quality score: three small open-label studies count the same as three randomised trials, so the tiers tell you how much was measured in people and the page itself tells you how well.

Other goals