Fat loss and metabolism
What actually works for fat loss?
By far the most studied area on this site. It is also where the ads and the results are closest together, because the drugs that work here were tested in tens of thousands of people.
174 compounds studied for this · 65 with a completed trial of a hundred people or more · 23 with no study in people at all
What has actually been measured here
This page lists the compounds studied for fat loss and metabolism. These pages work the other way round. They take one goal at a time and list every compound by how many people it was measured in, most first. Each shows what the study found, and the trials that found nothing are counted.
Losing weight
How much weight did people actually lose?
Losing fat specifically
Was it fat that came off, or everything?
Feeling less hungry
Does it actually make you less hungry?
Blood sugar and insulin
What did it do to blood sugar?
Liver fat and liver health
What does it do to the liver?
Strong and Moderate 65
At least one finished trial that gave the compound to a hundred people or more. That tells you how much has been measured. It does not tell you whether it will work for you. The math sits under every band.
Semaglutide
Strong. At least two finished studies in people, and at least 1,000 people who took it. 12 completed trials, 42,363 people given it.10 reported15 citedA once a week shot for type 2 diabetes and weight loss. It is approved, and big studies show it also lowers the risk of...
PeptideMetabolicTirzepatide
Strong. At least two finished studies in people, and at least 1,000 people who took it. 9 completed trials, 22,802 people given it.11 reported11 citedA once a week shot that works on two hunger and blood sugar signals, GIP and GLP-1. In studies it led to more weight los...
PeptideMetabolicRetatrutide
Strong. At least two finished studies in people, and at least 1,000 people who took it. 5 completed trials, 1,345 people given it.8 reported11 citedA weekly shot that is still being tested. It works on three hunger and blood sugar signals. It has led to the most weigh...
PeptideMetabolicCagrilintide
Strong. At least two finished studies in people, and at least 1,000 people who took it. 5 completed trials, 5,752 people given it.7 reported5 citedA weekly shot being tested with semaglutide as a pair called CagriSema. Together they took off more weight than either o...
PeptideMetabolicOrforglipron
Strong. At least two finished studies in people, and at least 1,000 people who took it. 8 completed trials, 17,383 people given it.8 reported11 citedA once-a-day GLP-1 pill instead of a shot. It is a small molecule, not a peptide. The FDA approved it on April 1, 2026 a...
Small moleculeMetabolicLiraglutide
Strong. At least two finished studies in people, and at least 1,000 people who took it. 6 completed trials, 16,760 people given it.9 reported6 citedA once-a-day shot for type 2 diabetes and weight loss. It was the first drug of its kind approved for obesity, and it lo...
PeptideMetabolicLeptin
Moderate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 6 completed trials, 844 people given it.5 reported7 citedLeptin is a hormone your fat makes. It tells the brain how much energy you have stored. For the rare people born without...
BiologicMetabolicCotadutide
Strong. At least two finished studies in people, and at least 1,000 people who took it. 6 completed trials, 1,221 people given it.8 citedA once-a-day shot that acts on both GLP-1 and glucagon. AstraZeneca stopped developing it in 2023. Its own registry entr...
PeptideMetabolicFGF21
Moderate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 2 completed trials, 350 people given it.4 reported4 citedFGF21 is a hormone your liver makes when you fast, eat sugar or eat less protein. Lab-built versions healed liver scarri...
BiologicMetabolicVK2735
Strong. At least two finished studies in people, and at least 1,000 people who took it. 3 completed trials, 4,650 people given it.1 reported3 citedAn experimental weekly shot from Viking Therapeutics that works on two appetite signals, GLP-1 and GIP. It is in large f...
PeptideMetabolicSurvodutide
Strong. At least two finished studies in people, and at least 1,000 people who took it. 5 completed trials, 2,034 people given it.7 reported7 citedA weekly shot still being tested. It works on two signals, GLP-1 and glucagon, and is studied for obesity and fatty live...
PeptideMetabolicBeinaglutide
Moderate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 2 completed trials, 443 people given it.3 citedThe only GLP-1 drug on the market that is the plain, unchanged human hormone. That is why it has to be injected three ti...
PeptideMetabolicEfocipegtrutide
Moderate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 2 completed trials, 215 people given it.1 reported2 citedAn experimental shot that works on three signals, GLP-1, GIP and glucagon. It is being made mainly for fatty liver disea...
PeptideMetabolicSupaglutide
Moderate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 3 completed trials, 190 people given it.3 citedApproved in China in January 2025 for type 2 diabetes. That approval rests on two studies in more than 700 adults. Almos...
BiologicMetabolicInsulin
Strong. At least two finished studies in people, and at least 1,000 people who took it. 5 completed trials, 29,691 people given it.4 reported8 citedInsulin is the hormone that keeps people with type 1 diabetes alive. It is the most tested peptide in medicine. Those bi...
PeptideMetabolicGDF15
Moderate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 2 completed trials, 313 people given it.3 reported6 citedGDF15 is a stress signal your body makes when cells are in trouble. It acts on the part of the brain that makes you feel...
BiologicMetabolicSemaglutide with cagrilintide
Strong. At least two finished studies in people, and at least 1,000 people who took it. 4 completed trials, 4,219 people given it.6 reported4 citedA blend whose mix has actually been tested, in a very large study. Cagrilintide given with semaglutide cut weight by 20....
BlendMetabolicBerberine
Moderate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 3 completed trials, 186 people given it.4 reported3 citedAcross 46 studies, berberine lowered average blood sugar (HbA1c) by 0.73 points. In a small head-to-head test, it lowere...
SupplementMetabolicHRS-7535
Moderate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 2 completed trials, 235 people given it.2 reported3 citedHengrui's daily GLP-1 pill. Two large final-stage studies in China worked, with about 11 percent weight loss at 50 weeks...
Small moleculeMetabolicAmylin
Moderate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 2 completed trials, 651 people given it.4 reported2 citedAmylin is a hormone that comes out of the same pancreas cells as insulin, at the same time. Cagrilintide and CagriSema a...
PeptideMetabolicRetatrutide with cagrilintide
Strong. At least two finished studies in people, and at least 1,000 people who took it. 4 completed trials, 4,557 people given it.6 reported4 citedTwo unapproved drugs still being tested, premixed by research chemical sellers. The usual vial is 12.5 mg retatrutide wi...
BlendMetabolicTaspoglutide
Strong. At least two finished studies in people, and at least 1,000 people who took it. 3 completed trials, 2,181 people given it.7 citedA once-a-week GLP-1 shot that lowered average blood sugar (HbA1c) more than exenatide and sitagliptin in large final-sta...
PeptideMetabolicBofanglutide
Moderate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 5 completed trials, 750 people given it.4 reported5 citedIn a mid-stage study of 272 Chinese adults with type 2 diabetes, it lowered average blood sugar more than a 1 mg dose of...
PeptideMetabolicMazdutide
Strong. At least two finished studies in people, and at least 1,000 people who took it. 5 completed trials, 2,372 people given it.7 reported5 citedA weekly shot that works on GLP-1 and glucagon. China approved it in 2025 for obesity and type 2 diabetes, the first dru...
PeptideMetabolicAmycretin
Moderate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 1 completed trial, 125 people given it.2 reported3 citedNovo Nordisk's single drug that works on both GLP-1 and amylin, a fullness hormone. It comes as a pill and a shot. It to...
PeptideMetabolicEcnoglutide
Moderate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 3 completed trials, 664 people given it.1 reported3 citedA long-acting GLP-1 shot, approved in China in 2026 for type 2 diabetes and weight loss. It is not approved in the US.
PeptideMetabolicEfinopegdutide
Moderate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 1 completed trial, 145 people given it.3 citedIn a head-to-head test against semaglutide, it cut liver fat by 72.7 percent against 42.3 percent. Weight loss was about...
PeptideMetabolicCagriSema
Strong. At least two finished studies in people, and at least 1,000 people who took it. 3 completed trials, 4,954 people given it.8 reported6 citedOne weekly shot that holds two drugs: cagrilintide, which copies the fullness hormone amylin, and semaglutide. In a larg...
PeptideMetabolicPEG-loxenatide
Moderate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 4 completed trials, 590 people given it.4 citedApproved in China in 2019, based on two large studies with a dummy-shot group, one of 361 patients and one of about 360....
PeptideMetabolicPramlintide
Moderate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 3 completed trials, 684 people given it.4 citedThe only amylin drug ever approved for diabetes. The FDA now lists every Symlin product as discontinued. Approved is not...
PeptideMetabolicBetaine
Moderate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 3 completed trials, 170 people given it.4 reported3 citedSix grams a day lowers fasting homocysteine by 20 percent in healthy adults. In the same studies it raises LDL, the bad...
SupplementMetabolicNNC0165-1875
Moderate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 3 completed trials, 120 people given it.2 reported3 citedThe clearest test of adding a second appetite hormone to semaglutide, and it failed twice over. The authors call the ext...
PeptideMetabolicPetrelintide
Moderate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 1 completed trial, 493 people given it.2 reported2 citedA once a week shot from Zealand and Roche that copies amylin, a fullness hormone. It is being made as a gentler weight l...
PeptideMetabolicPioglitazone
Strong. At least two finished studies in people, and at least 1,000 people who took it. 2 completed trials, 9,114 people given it.5 reported2 citedAn approved diabetes drug with real heart and stroke data in people. In the 2026 mouse lifespan run, it was one of two c...
Small moleculeMetabolicNattokinase
Strong. At least two finished studies in people, and at least 1,000 people who took it. 9 completed trials, 1,795 people given it.6 reported13 citedNattokinase is a clot-busting enzyme made when bacteria ferment soybeans into natto, a Japanese food. For a supplement,...
BiologicLongevityMetformin
Moderate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 3 completed trials, 489 people given it.6 reported7 citedA cheap, very safe diabetes drug that many people take hoping to live longer. Big studies in people have not shown it he...
Small moleculeLongevityMitoglitazone
Moderate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 2 completed trials, 385 people given it.1 reported4 citedIn people, it was tested in 356 people with type 2 diabetes and 29 people with Alzheimer disease. The company ran both s...
Small moleculeLongevityEfruxifermin
Moderate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 1 completed trial, 181 people given it.2 reported2 citedA weekly shot that copies FGF21, a liver hormone. In people with cirrhosis from fatty liver disease, it missed its main...
BiologicMetabolicGreen tea extract
Moderate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 1 completed trial, 1,075 people given it.4 reported2 citedIn people, the biggest study gave 1,075 women 843 mg of EGCG a day for a year. Liver blood tests went up in 6.7 percent...
SupplementLongevityAlbiglutide
Strong. At least two finished studies in people, and at least 1,000 people who took it. 2 completed trials, 10,304 people given it.6 citedA once-a-week GLP-1 shot approved in 2014 and pulled from every market by 2018. In the 9,463 person Harmony Outcomes stu...
BiologicMetabolicDulaglutide
Strong. At least two finished studies in people, and at least 1,000 people who took it. 2 completed trials, 10,500 people given it.1 reported2 citedA once-a-week shot for type 2 diabetes. In a big study it lowered heart attacks and strokes.
BiologicMetabolicEfpeglenatide
Strong. At least two finished studies in people, and at least 1,000 people who took it. 2 completed trials, 4,076 people given it.3 reported2 citedAn experimental long-lasting GLP-1 drug that lowered heart and kidney problems in a large study. It is not broadly appro...
BiologicMetabolicExenatide
Strong. At least two finished studies in people, and at least 1,000 people who took it. 2 completed trials, 15,088 people given it.1 reported2 citedThe first approved drug in the GLP-1 family. It is based on a hormone found in Gila monster spit, and it opened the door...
PeptideMetabolicLixisenatide
Strong. At least two finished studies in people, and at least 1,000 people who took it. 2 completed trials, 6,068 people given it.2 reported2 citedAn FDA-approved daily shot for type 2 diabetes in the GLP-1 family. It was also tested for heart protection.
PeptideMetabolicCT-868
Moderate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 1 completed trial, 103 people given it.1 citedIn a mid-stage study of 103 adults with type 2 diabetes, it lowered average blood sugar (HbA1c) by 1.61 to 2.24 points m...
PeptideMetabolicEmpagliflozin
Strong. At least two finished studies in people, and at least 1,000 people who took it. 3 completed trials, 16,738 people given it.4 reported4 citedA diabetes pill that also protects the heart and kidneys. Four big studies in more than 23,000 sick people found fewer d...
Small moleculeMetabolicVisepegenatide
Moderate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 4 completed trials, 572 people given it.4 citedIn a large final-stage study of 273 Chinese adults on no diabetes drug yet, it lowered average blood sugar (HbA1c) by 1....
PeptideMetabolicEfimosfermin alfa
Moderate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 2 completed trials, 186 people given it.2 reported3 citedGSK's monthly copy of FGF21, a liver hormone. GSK bought it for $1.2 billion up front. The FDA gave it a Breakthrough Th...
BiologicMetabolicNNC0480-0389
Moderate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 1 completed trial, 500 people given it.2 reported3 citedA drug that switches on the GIP receptor, being added to semaglutide in a 500 person mid-stage trial. Its mirror image,...
PeptideMetabolicBimagrumab
Moderate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 2 completed trials, 507 people given it.1 reported2 citedAn antibody shot that takes the brake off muscle growth. In studies it took off fat while adding muscle. It is being tes...
BiologicMetabolicResveratrol
Moderate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 14 completed trials, 403 people given it.7 reported14 citedResveratrol is the grape and red wine compound behind the first big wave of anti-ageing research. It is one of the most...
SupplementLongevityRusfertide
Moderate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 5 completed trials, 166 people given it.7 citedA lab-made peptide that copies hepcidin, the body's iron-control hormone. The FDA approved it on 28 August 2026 for adul...
PeptideHormoneVitamin D
Strong. At least two finished studies in people, and at least 1,000 people who took it. 2 completed trials, 25,871 people given it.4 reported5 citedThe most-tested supplement there is, and the big tests mostly came back empty. In a study of 25,871 adults, a daily vita...
SupplementLongevityMIB-626
Moderate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 4 completed trials, 107 people given it.1 reported4 citedThe only NMN product with a real set of studies in people: three studies with a dummy pill group, about 104 people in al...
SupplementLongevityMyostatin
Moderate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 3 completed trials, 188 people given it.4 citedMyostatin is the body's brake on muscle growth. Mice bred without it grew two to three times more muscle, which started...
BiologicMuscle & PerformanceCurcumin
Moderate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 3 completed trials, 195 people given it.5 reported3 citedAcross 103 studies and 42 health measures, only four had high-certainty evidence, including CRP, a blood marker of swell...
SupplementAntioxidantEnobosarm
Moderate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 1 completed trial, 159 people given it.5 reported3 citedThe drug sold on the grey market as ostarine. In proper studies, 3 mg added to semaglutide cut muscle loss by 71 percent...
Small moleculeMuscle & PerformanceTaurine
Moderate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 1 completed trial, 120 people given it.5 reported3 citedA 2023 paper said falling taurine drives ageing. Two 2025 papers in people, one from the US government's own ageing inst...
SupplementLongevityAzithromycin and roxithromycin
Moderate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 1 completed trial, 480 people given it.2 citedTwo approved antibiotics that cleared about 97 percent of worn-out 'zombie' human cells in one lab test, while their clo...
Small moleculeAnti-agingGlucagon
Moderate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 2 completed trials, 141 people given it.3 reported2 citedThe hormone that raises blood sugar. It is FDA-approved as an emergency rescue for very low blood sugar, and the newest...
PeptideMetabolicMK-677 with ipamorelin
Moderate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 2 completed trials, 182 people given it.7 reported2 citedNot one vial but one plan: a daily pill alongside a shot. Both press the same switch, so this is one way of working give...
BlendGrowth HormoneGHRP-2
Moderate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 3 completed trials, 102 people given it.7 reported4 citedA lab-made peptide that makes the body release a strong burst of growth hormone. Japan approves it as a test for growth...
PeptideGrowth HormoneGlepaglutide
Moderate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 3 completed trials, 230 people given it.6 citedA long-lasting copy of GLP-2, a gut hormone, for people whose short bowel means they need feeding by drip. In a 106 pers...
PeptideMetabolicEnlicitide
Strong. At least two finished studies in people, and at least 1,000 people who took it. 3 completed trials, 2,909 people given it.2 reported3 citedThe first PCSK9 cholesterol drug you can swallow. In 2,909 people it cut LDL cholesterol by 57 percent. Until now, drugs...
PeptideMetabolicMCT oil
Moderate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 1 completed trial, 152 people given it.6 reported1 citedFed to mice from 4 months of age, it did not change how long they lived, in either sex. A review pooled 13 human studies...
SupplementMetabolicLimited and Preliminary 86
Someone has been given it and a result was published, but in fewer than a hundred people. Or the studies in people only watched and never gave anybody anything. The math on each card says exactly how thin.
AOD-9604
Limited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 1 completed trial, none stating how many people.5 reported1 citedA lab-made piece of growth hormone built to treat obesity. It helped burn fat in animals, but in human weight loss studi...
PeptideMetabolicAdiponectin
Preliminary. Studied in people, but no published study has had people take it. 3 human studies where nobody was given it.2 reported3 citedAdiponectin is a hormone your fat makes, and it falls as you gain fat. Many studies link low levels to diabetes. It has...
BiologicMetabolicPeptide YY
Limited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 3 completed trials, 12 people given it.3 reported3 citedPeptide YY is a gut hormone your body releases after meals, alongside GLP-1. Given by drip to 12 lean and 12 obese peopl...
PeptideMetabolicElecoglipron
Limited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 2 completed trials, none stating how many people.1 reported2 citedAstraZeneca's daily GLP-1 pill. People lost 10.5 percent of their weight in 26 weeks in a mid-stage study. Large final-s...
Small moleculeMetabolicIrisin
Limited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 1 completed trial, 7 people given it.2 reported4 citedIrisin is a small protein your muscles release, and people link it to exercise. Nobody has ever given it to a person. In...
BiologicMetabolicAleniglipron
Limited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 1 completed trial, none stating how many people.2 reported2 citedA daily GLP-1 pill from Structure Therapeutics. In a 44-week mid-stage study, people lost 16.3 percent more weight than...
Small moleculeMetabolicNimacimab
Limited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 2 completed trials, none stating how many people.2 reported2 citedAn antibody that blocks the cannabinoid CB1 receptor outside the brain. On its own it did little. With semaglutide, peop...
BiologicMetabolicNoiiglutide
Limited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 1 completed trial, none stating how many people.2 reported2 citedA Chinese long-acting GLP-1 drug. It has published results from a small repeat-dose study in obesity, and a finished fin...
PeptideMetabolicLotiglipron
Preliminary. Studied in people, but no published study has had people take it. 1 registered with no result.3 reported1 citedIt worked. In 901 people, average blood sugar fell by up to 1.44 points and weight fell by up to 7.47 percent, against 1...
Small moleculeMetabolicMariTide
Limited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 1 completed trial, none stating how many people.1 reported2 citedAmgen's once a month obesity shot. It turns one appetite signal on (GLP-1) and blocks another (GIP). People lost up to a...
BiologicMetabolicDanuglipron
Limited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 1 completed trial, none stating how many people.3 reported4 citedPfizer's daily GLP-1 pill. Pfizer stopped work on it in 2025. Many people had stomach side effects, and one person showe...
Small moleculeMetabolicOxyntomodulin
Limited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 1 completed trial, 13 people given it.4 citedOxyntomodulin is glucagon with eight extra building blocks on the end. That tail lets it weakly switch on two hormone re...
PeptideMetabolicBerobenatide
Limited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 3 completed trials, none stating how many people.1 reported3 citedA very long-lasting GLP-1 shot, built to be given once a month. It stays in the body about 15 days. Pfizer got it when i...
PeptideMetabolicEloralintide
Limited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 1 completed trial, none stating how many people.2 reported3 citedLilly's weekly shot that copies amylin, a fullness hormone. In a mid-stage study people lost up to about 20 percent of t...
PeptideMetabolicEnicepatide
Limited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 2 completed trials, none stating how many people.1 reported3 citedRoche's weekly shot that works on GLP-1 and GIP. In a 48-week mid-stage study, people on the top dose lost 22.5 percent...
PeptideMetabolicPemvidutide
Limited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 2 completed trials, none stating how many people.1 reported3 citedAn experimental weekly shot from Altimmune that works on GLP-1 and glucagon. It is being made for obesity and fatty live...
PeptideMetabolicRibupatide
Limited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 1 completed trial, none stating how many people.1 reported3 citedA weekly shot that works on GLP-1 and GIP, like tirzepatide. In a large final-stage study in China, people lost 19.2 per...
PeptideMetabolicBGM0504
Limited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 1 completed trial, 64 people given it.2 citedA drug built from tirzepatide. In a mid-stage study of 64 people, it lowered average blood sugar and weight more than se...
PeptideMetabolicUBT251
Limited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 1 completed trial, none stating how many people.1 reported2 citedA shot that works on three signals, GLP-1, GIP and glucagon, licensed by Novo Nordisk. People lost up to 19.7 percent of...
PeptideMetabolicGYM329
Preliminary. Studied in people, but no published study has had people take it. 2 human studies where nobody was given it, 1 registered with no result.1 reported3 citedThe one myostatin antibody now being tested where it matters most for readers. One study pairs it with tirzepatide in pe...
BiologicMuscle & PerformanceHEC88473
Limited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 1 completed trial, none stating how many people.1 reported1 citedThe only GLP-1 pairing on this site that is not with another gut hormone. It pairs GLP-1 with FGF21, a liver hormone, to...
BiologicMetabolicGIP
Limited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 2 completed trials, 10 people given it.2 reported6 citedGIP is one of two gut hormones that tell your pancreas to release insulin after a meal. It is the G in tirzepatide and t...
PeptideMetabolicBGM1812
Limited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 1 completed trial, none stating how many people.1 reported3 citedA drug that acts on both amylin and calcitonin receptors, from the Chinese company BrightGene. It was built by changing...
PeptideMetabolicAZD6234
Limited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 1 completed trial, none stating how many people.1 reported2 citedAstraZeneca's weekly amylin shot. It jumped to large final-stage studies in 2026, alone and added to GLP-1 drugs. Its mi...
PeptideMetabolicBI 1820237
Preliminary. Studied in people, but no published study has had people take it. 2 human studies where nobody was given it.2 citedA first study in 95 men found the thing combination drugs have to worry about. Its effect on slowing the stomach added t...
PeptideMetabolicLanifibranor
Limited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 1 completed trial, none stating how many people.2 reported2 citedA daily pill for fatty liver disease that works on all three PPAR switches. Its 1,000-person final-stage study finished...
Small moleculeMetabolicSemaglutide with B12
Limited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 2 completed trials, none stating how many people.7 reported2 citedA pharmacy-made premix where the B12 dose is set by the semaglutide dose, not by anyone's B12 level. The B12 stays at 0....
BlendMetabolicTERN-601
Limited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 1 completed trial, 3 people given it.3 reported2 citedPeople lost weight on it in two studies, and more at higher doses. Then it was dropped after three people had liver test...
Small moleculeMetabolicTesofensine
Limited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 1 completed trial, none stating how many people.8 reported2 citedAn experimental weight-loss pill, not a peptide. It cuts appetite by acting on brain chemicals.
Small moleculeMetabolicAdropin
Preliminary. Studied in people, but no published study has had people take it. 1 human study where nobody was given it.1 citedA peptide whose blood level is lower in people who are heavier and older. Every human study just measures it. No one has...
PeptideMetabolicCardarine
Preliminary. Studied in people, but no published study has had people take it. 1 registered with no result.7 reported1 citedCardarine is a drug GSK stopped developing, reportedly after long rodent studies found cancers in many organs. It is sti...
Small moleculeMetabolicGUBamy
Preliminary. Studied in people, but no published study has had people take it. 1 registered with no result.1 reported1 citedA long-lasting amylin drug from Gubra. One early safety study in 76 people, paid for by AbbVie, has finished. No result...
PeptideMetabolicMOTS-c
Limited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 1 completed trial, 30 people given it.6 reported8 citedA tiny peptide made from the DNA in the cell's power plants. In people there are real studies: a gene variant common in...
PeptideLongevityBivamelagon
Limited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 1 completed trial, none stating how many people.1 reported4 citedA pill meant to turn down appetite. It works on the same brain switch, called MC4R, as setmelanotide, which is a shot. A...
Small moleculeMelanocortinNeuropeptide Y
Limited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 3 completed trials, 20 people given it.5 reported3 citedThe one big test in people was a year-long study of a pill that blocks one of its receptors, in 1,661 overweight and obe...
PeptideNootropic & CNSPterostilbene
Limited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 1 completed trial, 80 people given it.4 reported2 citedOne study in people: 80 adults with high cholesterol. At 250 mg a day, it lowered the top blood pressure number by 7.8 p...
SupplementLongevitySetmelanotide
Limited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 1 completed trial, 38 people given it.4 reported2 citedAn FDA-approved shot for rare genetic types of obesity, where a broken gene stops the brain from feeling full.
PeptideMelanocortinL-Carnitine
Limited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 1 completed trial, none stating how many people.4 reported1 citedA compound your body needs to burn fat. It is FDA-approved for a real carnitine shortage and widely used for energy and...
SupplementMuscle & PerformanceBI 3034701
Preliminary. Studied in people, but no published study has had people take it. 2 human studies where nobody was given it.1 reported2 citedBoehringer Ingelheim's drug that works on three signals: GLP-1, GIP and NPY2, a fullness signal from the gut. It started...
PeptideMetabolicDapiglutide
Limited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 1 completed trial, 54 people given it.2 citedThe only drug in weight-loss testing that pairs GLP-1 with GLP-2. Its first test missed. In 54 people over 12 weeks, it...
PeptideMetabolicGLP-1
Limited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 2 completed trials, 8 people given it.1 reported2 citedThe natural gut hormone behind the whole GLP-1 drug family. You make it after you eat, and it raises insulin and cuts ap...
PeptideMetabolicKN069
Limited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 1 completed trial, none stating how many people.2 citedIt does the opposite of tirzepatide at the GIP switch, in one molecule, and it also caused weight loss. Half of a dose i...
PeptideMetabolicMET-233i
Limited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 1 completed trial, none stating how many people.1 reported1 citedPfizer's monthly amylin shot, from Metsera. It stays in the body about 19 days. It is being mixed with berobenatide into...
PeptideMetabolicAzelaprag
Preliminary. Studied in people, but no published study has had people take it. 2 registered with no result.2 citedThe mid-stage study of azelaprag with tirzepatide, in 204 adults with obesity, was stopped. The registry says why: liver...
Small moleculeMuscle & PerformanceApelin
Limited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 3 completed trials, 68 people given it.3 reported6 citedApelin is a natural signal that widens arteries and makes the heart pump harder. That was shown with short drips in abou...
PeptideMetabolicARD-101
Limited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 1 completed trial, 20 people given it.3 reported4 citedIt made adults less hungry by switching on bitter taste receptors in the gut. Both of its final-stage studies, in a rare...
Small moleculeMetabolicMibavademab
Limited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 2 completed trials, 1 person given it.4 citedIt cut weight only in people whose leptin was already low, below 8 ng/mL. It did nothing in people with higher leptin. I...
BiologicMetabolicAT673
Limited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 1 completed trial, none stating how many people.1 reported2 citedA drug that blocks the GIP receptor, being added to semaglutide in a mid-stage trial of 150 people. It is the exact mirr...
PeptideMetabolicKetone esters
Limited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 1 completed trial, none stating how many people.2 citedSold to give you the benefits of fasting without fasting. In trained cyclists, one dose before a 20-minute race made the...
SupplementMetabolicMonlunabant
Limited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 1 completed trial, none stating how many people.2 reported2 citedNovo Nordisk's CB1 blocker pill, built to act mostly outside the brain. People lost 7.1 kg in 16 weeks, but anxiety, irr...
Small moleculeMetabolicPegozafermin
Limited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 1 completed trial, none stating how many people.2 reported2 citedA long-acting copy of FGF21, a liver hormone, given every week or two. Roche now owns it, and it is in two large final-s...
BiologicMetabolicTirzepatide with B12
Limited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 2 completed trials, none stating how many people.6 reported2 citedHere there is a published chemistry reason not to mix. Lab tests of pharmacy-made tirzepatide plus B12, from many source...
BlendMetabolicATX-304
Preliminary. Studied in people, but no published study has had people take it. 1 human study where nobody was given it.2 reported1 citedATX-304 is a pill that switches on AMPK, the cell's fuel sensor. It has one 28-day pilot study in people with type 2 dia...
Small moleculeMetabolicSemaglutide with BPC-157
Limited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 1 completed trial, none stating how many people.7 reported1 citedAn approved drug with a 14.9% weight loss result, paired with a peptide the FDA looked at in 2026 and found no good huma...
BlendMetabolicTirzepatide with BPC-157
Limited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 1 completed trial, none stating how many people.7 reported1 citedThe same pairing idea as the semaglutide version. One side has a bigger weight loss effect. The other side is just as em...
BlendMetabolicEpicatechin
Limited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 4 completed trials, 44 people given it.1 reported6 citedIn people, small studies of the pure compound found a small drop in fasting insulin at 100 mg a day and nothing at 25 mg...
SupplementLongevityGHRP-6
Limited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 5 completed trials, 42 people given it.8 reported5 citedAn early peptide that makes the body release growth hormone. It also makes you very hungry.
PeptideGrowth HormoneHumanin
Limited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 1 completed trial, 30 people given it.6 reported5 citedA tiny peptide made from mitochondrial DNA. In people it has been watched, not given. It falls with age, runs high in th...
PeptideLongevityNicotinamide Riboside
Limited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 4 completed trials, 90 people given it.5 reported5 citedA form of vitamin B3 that reliably raises NAD in people. That part is proven. A big mouse program found it did not help...
SupplementLongevityTUDCA
Limited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 3 completed trials, 54 people given it.7 reported5 citedIn twenty obese adults over four weeks, insulin sensitivity in the liver and muscle rose about 30 percent on a detailed...
SupplementLongevityNMN
Limited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 4 completed trials, 94 people given it.6 reported4 citedA pill the body turns into NAD+. It is studied for blood sugar and strength in ageing. Early studies in people show smal...
SupplementLongevitySermorelin with GHRP-2 and GHRP-6
Limited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 2 completed trials, 9 people given it.6 reported4 citedAn old pharmacy-made triple, usually 3 mg of each in a 9 mg vial, or 2 mg of each in a 6 mg vial. Two of the three press...
BlendGrowth Hormone(R/S)-1,3-Butanediol
Limited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 1 completed trial, none stating how many people.2 reported3 citedIn people, it raises blood ketones for a few hours. In 9 cyclists, it gave 5 of them moderate to severe gut problems and...
SupplementLongevityCJC-1295 with GHRP-6
Limited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 2 completed trials, 9 people given it.7 reported3 citedThe same two-switch pairing as the GHRP-2 version, but with the hungriest booster of the group in the second slot. GHRP-...
BlendGrowth HormoneAcarbose
Preliminary. Studied in people, but no published study has had people take it. 2 human studies where nobody was given it.4 reported2 citedAn old, cheap diabetes pill that slows how fast starch turns into sugar. In people, a large heart study found no heart b...
Small moleculeLongevityAlpha-Lipoic Acid
Limited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 1 completed trial, none stating how many people.3 reported2 citedAn antioxidant studied for nerve pain in diabetes and for metabolic health. It is sold as a supplement and used as a dru...
SupplementAntioxidantApitegromab
Preliminary. Studied in people, but no published study has had people take it. 2 human studies where nobody was given it.1 reported2 citedAn antibody that blocks myostatin, a brake on muscle. The FDA is reviewing it for spinal muscular atrophy, with a decisi...
BiologicMuscle & PerformanceGhrelin
Limited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 2 completed trials, 27 people given it.1 reported2 citedThe body's own hunger hormone. It is also the natural trigger for growth hormone, and every growth hormone peptide copie...
PeptideGrowth HormoneMetformin plus rapamycin
Preliminary. Studied in people, but no published study has had people take it. 2 registered with no result.2 reported2 citedNobody has tested this pair in people. In mice fed both from 9 months, typical lifespan rose 23 percent in both sexes. B...
Small moleculeLongevityNAD+ with glutathione
Limited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 1 completed trial, 21 people given it.5 reported2 citedUsually two separate drips or shots given in one clinic visit, not one vial, because no premixed product is standard. NA...
BlendLongevityOsteocalcin
Preliminary. Studied in people, but no published study has had people take it. 2 human studies where nobody was given it.2 citedThe bone hormone said to control muscle, blood sugar and testosterone in mice. Then in 2020, two separate labs made new...
PeptideHormoneSHLP2
Preliminary. Studied in people, but no published study has had people take it. 2 human studies where nobody was given it.6 reported2 citedA tiny peptide made by mitochondria, the power plants inside your cells. It has a known receptor, a weight result in mic...
PeptideLongevityTaldefgrobep alfa
Preliminary. Studied in people, but no published study has had people take it. 2 human studies where nobody was given it.3 reported2 citedBiohaven's drug that blocks myostatin and activin, two brakes on muscle. It is being tested on its own for weight loss....
BiologicMuscle & PerformanceTrevogrumab
Limited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 1 completed trial, none stating how many people.3 reported2 citedRegeneron's antibody that blocks myostatin, used alone or with garetosmab, which blocks activin A. Added to semaglutide,...
BiologicMuscle & PerformanceCalcium AKG
Preliminary. Studied in people, but no published study has had people take it. 1 human study where nobody was given it.3 reported1 citedA supplement made from a natural body chemical, taken for healthy ageing. One mouse study found longer life. The US gove...
SupplementLongevityMagnesium
Limited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 1 completed trial, 46 people given it.4 reported1 citedIt lowers blood pressure by a real but small amount, about 2 points. The sleep evidence is three small studies in 151 pe...
SupplementLongevityMOTS-c with SS-31
Preliminary. Studied in people, but no published study has had people take it. 1 human study where nobody was given it.6 reported1 citedTwo peptides aimed at mitochondria, the energy makers inside cells, sold as one stack. SS-31 is elamipretide. It reached...
BlendLongevityNAD+
Limited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 1 completed trial, none stating how many people.7 reported1 citedA helper molecule every cell needs to make energy. It is sold as drips and shots for anti-aging and recovery. Levels fal...
SupplementLongevityInulin
Limited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 1 completed trial, 39 people given it.6 reported1 citedIt did not help mice live longer, in either sex, in the same test where extra glycine gave a 4 to 6 percent gain. In a r...
SupplementMetabolicMetreleptin
Preliminary. Studied in people, but no published study has had people take it. 1 human study where nobody was given it.4 reported1 citedLife-changing in people who make almost no leptin, and useless for ordinary obesity. The clearest case on this site of a...
BiologicHormoneTeduglutide
Limited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 2 completed trials, 83 people given it.4 reported3 citedAn FDA-approved shot that helps the gut grow in short bowel syndrome, so people need less feeding through a vein.
PeptideMetabolicFolate
Preliminary. Studied in people, but no published study has had people take it. 2 human studies where nobody was given it.2 reported2 citedB vitamins reliably lower homocysteine, an amino acid in the blood linked to heart disease. Two big trials, HOPE-2 and N...
SupplementMetabolicForskolin
Limited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 2 completed trials, 53 people given it.5 reported2 citedIt did not help mice live longer, in either sex, in the 2021 test where epicatechin, halofuginone and mitoglitazone all...
SupplementMetabolicVitamin B12
Limited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 2 completed trials, none stating how many people.4 reported2 citedAn essential vitamin given as a shot for a shortage. Wellness clinics offer it for energy, but it helps little if your l...
SupplementMetabolicIron
Preliminary. Studied in people, but no published study has had people take it. 1 human study where nobody was given it.2 reported1 citedThe most important 'no' on Aaron's stack. His ferritin, a blood test of stored iron, is 435. High ferritin means no iron...
SupplementMetabolicPancragen
Preliminary. Studied in people, but no published study has had people take it. 1 human study where nobody was given it.1 citedPancragen is a four building block peptide from Khavinson's institute in Russia, sold to support the pancreas. The evide...
PeptideMetabolicAnimal or lab only, and nothing measured 23
Studied in animals or in cells in a dish, or studied in people for something else entirely. Listed, not hidden, because knowing a thing has not been tested in a person is the useful part.
5-Amino-1MQ
Animal or lab only. Only animal or lab studies on this page. No study in people yet. 2 animal studies, no human study.6 reportednone citedAn experimental small molecule that blocks an enzyme linked to fat storage. It has only been studied in animals, and it...
Small moleculeMetabolicHGH Fragment 176-191
Animal or lab only. Only animal or lab studies on this page. No study in people yet. 4 animal studies, no human study.5 reportednone citedThe fat-burning end piece of growth hormone. It is studied in animals for fat loss without growth hormone's effects on b...
PeptideMetabolicBergamot
None. No study cited on this page yet. no study cited on this page yet.none citedFourteen small studies show big drops in blood fats, including LDL (bad) cholesterol down 55 mg/dL. That is a surprising...
SupplementMetabolicBRP
Animal or lab only. Only animal or lab studies on this page. No study in people yet. 1 animal study, no human study.2 reportednone citedBRP is a 12 building block peptide found at Stanford with an AI search of larger hormone proteins. In mice and minipigs,...
PeptideMetabolicGW0742
Animal or lab only. Only animal or lab studies on this page. No study in people yet. 3 animal studies, 1 lab study, no human study.3 reportednone citedThe sibling of GW501516 (cardarine), sold on the same endurance story with none of the same evidence. No human study of...
Small moleculeMetabolicSRK-439
Animal or lab only. Only animal or lab studies on this page. No study in people yet. 1 animal study, no human study.1 reportednone citedScholar Rock's follow-up to apitegromab, built to be self-injected alongside GLP-1 drugs. First results in people are ex...
BiologicMuscle & Performance5-amino-1MQ with SLU-PP-332
Animal or lab only. Only animal or lab studies on this page. No study in people yet. 2 animal studies, no human study.7 reportednone citedA capsule mixing two research chemicals, usually 50 mg of 5-amino-1MQ with 0.25 mg of SLU-PP-332. That is 200 to 1 by we...
BlendMetabolicAdipotide
Animal or lab only. Only animal or lab studies on this page. No study in people yet. 2 animal studies, no human study.6 reportednone citedAn experimental peptide that attacks the blood supply of white fat. It caused big weight loss in monkeys, but it also ha...
PeptideMetabolicBAM15
Animal or lab only. Only animal or lab studies on this page. No study in people yet. 3 animal studies, no human study.2 reportednone citedBAM15 makes cells burn fuel as heat. In mice it reversed obesity and poor blood sugar control, with a wider safety margi...
Small moleculeMetabolicElectrolytes
None. No study cited on this page yet. no study cited on this page yet.2 reportednone citedA page that explains the basic blood chemistry test (BMP) for people on GLP-1 drugs, eating low-carb or fasting. A flavo...
SupplementMetabolicSR9009
Animal or lab only. Only animal or lab studies on this page. No study in people yet. 1 animal study, 1 lab study, no human study.4 reportednone citedSR9009 is sold as exercise in a pill. It targets REV-ERB, part of the body clock. No human study has ever been published...
Small moleculeMetabolicTrodusquemine
Animal or lab only. Only animal or lab studies on this page. No study in people yet. 2 animal studies, no human study.4 reportednone citedTrodusquemine is a compound first found in dogfish sharks. It blocks an enzyme called PTP1B. It regrew heart tissue in z...
Small moleculeMetabolic17-alpha-estradiol
Animal or lab only. Only animal or lab studies on this page. No study in people yet. 4 animal studies, no human study.4 reportednone citedIn male mice, it has made them live longer again and again, even at higher doses and even when started late in life. It...
HormoneLongevityAlpha-MSH
Animal or lab only. Only animal or lab studies on this page. No study in people yet. 1 animal study, no human study.1 reportednone citedThe natural hormone behind skin colour, appetite and swelling. Melanotan and similar peptides are built from it.
PeptideMelanocortinMeclizine
Animal or lab only. Only animal or lab studies on this page. No study in people yet. 2 animal studies, no human study.6 reportednone citedA travel sickness pill you can buy without a prescription. It made male mice live longer in one round, then did nothing...
Small moleculeLongevityRapamycin plus acarbose
Animal or lab only. Only animal or lab studies on this page. No study in people yet. 7 animal studies, no human study.5 reportednone citedNo person has taken these two together in any study. In mice started at 9 months, typical lifespan rose 28 percent in fe...
Small moleculeLongevitySenolytic CAR T cells
Animal or lab only. Only animal or lab studies on this page. No study in people yet. 3 animal studies, no human study.none citedLiving immune cells, called T cells, engineered to find and kill worn-out 'zombie' cells by a marker on their surface ca...
BiologicImmuneSenolytic vaccine (anti-GPNMB)
Animal or lab only. Only animal or lab studies on this page. No study in people yet. 3 animal studies, no human study.none citedA vaccine that trains the immune system to attack GPNMB, a protein found in high amounts on worn-out 'zombie' cells. In...
BiologicImmuneSLU-PP-332
Animal or lab only. Only animal or lab studies on this page. No study in people yet. 2 animal studies, no human study.8 reportednone citedAn experimental compound sold as exercise in a pill. It boosts how muscle burns fuel in mice. It has never been tested i...
Small moleculeMuscle & PerformanceTrigonelline
Animal or lab only. Only animal or lab studies on this page. No study in people yet. 1 animal study, no human study.2 reportednone citedTrigonelline is a natural compound in coffee and fenugreek that the body can turn into NAD+. It improved muscle function...
SupplementLongevityGLP-2
Animal or lab only. Only animal or lab studies on this page. No study in people yet. 1 animal study, no human study.1 reportednone citedA natural gut hormone that helps the gut lining grow and heal. It is the model for the drug teduglutide.
PeptideMetabolicNesfatin-1
Animal or lab only. Only animal or lab studies on this page. No study in people yet. 1 lab study, no human study.none citedSold as a weight-loss peptide, but no published study has ever given it to a person. Nobody knows what receptor it works...
PeptideMetabolicPsyllium
None. No study cited on this page yet. no study cited on this page yet.2 reportednone citedA fiber that brought LDL cholesterol down when added to a diet, in a review that pooled 8 trials. That is a cholesterol...
SupplementMetabolicReading on this goal
Dispatch 001: Five Retatrutide Phase 3 Trials Have Finished And None Has Posted Results
Five big retatrutide studies covering 6,415 people have finished collecting results, and none has shared them. A CagriSema against tirzepatide study finished in July at a low tirzepatide dose that suits the company paying for it. And a review that pooled 378 studies ranked what actually prevents diabetes.
Tesofensine Is Not a Peptide: What It Is, the Trials, and the Heart-Rate Issue
Tesofensine is a small-molecule pill that raises three brain chemicals, not a peptide. What happened in its studies (968 people in brain-disease studies, 372 in Mexico, 203 in a 2008 Lancet study), its stalled application in Mexico, the heart-rate rise that led to a pairing with a heart drug, how it compares with phentermine, and why it ends up in peptide shops. Plain English.
Peptides for Longevity: What the Evidence Actually Shows in 2026
A full review of every peptide and related compound sold for aging: GLP-1 drugs, rapamycin, the growth hormone peptides, epitalon, thymalin, klotho, humanin, senolytics, SS-31, GHK-Cu, MOTS-c and FOXO4-DRI. What happened in people, what happened in animals and the legal status of each, in one table. Plain English.
Oral GLP-1s in 2026: Wegovy Pill vs Foundayo (Orforglipron) vs Rybelsus, and What Is Coming
The three approved GLP-1 pills, why one needs an empty stomach and another doesn't, how much weight people lost in the studies behind each approval, the warning box they all carry, and what's coming: aleniglipron, elecoglipron, HRS-7535, and the pill Pfizer walked away from. Plain English.
Fasting worth reading alongside this
16:8 Time-Restricted Eating
You eat all your food inside 8 hours, most often noon to 8pm. For the other 16 hours you take in no calories. This is the most tested fasting pattern. The studies still disagree on whether the window itself helps once you account for eating less.
The 5:2 Diet
Two very-low-calorie days a week, usually 500 to 600 calories, and normal eating on the other five. In five studies lasting 6 to 12 months, it gave about the same weight loss and heart and blood sugar changes as cutting calories every day. The steady difference is how well people stick with it and how hungry they feel, not what happens in the body.
Alternate-Day Fasting
A fast day every other day, usually eating about 25% of your normal needs rather than nothing. Over a year it matched daily calorie cutting on weight. It also had the most people quit of any group in that study, and by month 12 it raised LDL cholesterol compared with daily cutting.
What the number counts, exactly
The number on each card is how many sources on that compound’s page are studies in people. It is counted the same simple way for all 453 compounds. You can check any of it by opening the profile and reading the list of sources. That is the whole point of showing a number at all.
It counts what we cite. It does not claim how much research exists. A compound with three studies in people here may have thirty in print, and the honest thing to say is that we have read and listed three. It is also not a quality score. Three small, loose studies count the same as three careful ones. So the groups tell you how much was measured in people, and the profile page tells you how well.