Immune system and inflammation
Can I do anything about chronic inflammation?
Inflammation shows up on a blood test. That is both the strength and the trap here. A compound can lower a blood test number without changing anything a person would notice.
63 compounds studied for this · 26 with a completed trial of a hundred people or more · 15 with no study in people at all
What has actually been measured here
This page lists the compounds studied for immune system and inflammation. These pages work the other way round. They take one goal at a time and list every compound by how many people it was measured in, most first. Each shows what the study found, and the trials that found nothing are counted.
Immune function
Does it help the immune system?
Inflammation
Does it bring inflammation down?
Cancer and tumours
What is the cancer signal, good or bad?
Strong and Moderate 26
At least one finished trial that gave the compound to a hundred people or more. That tells you how much has been measured. It does not tell you whether it will work for you. The math sits under every band.
Thymosin Alpha-1
Strong. At least two finished studies in people, and at least 1,000 people who took it. 2 completed trials, 1,204 people given it.7 reported3 citedAn immune-tuning peptide from the thymus. It is approved in many countries for hepatitis and to help the immune system a...
PeptideImmuneLL-37
Moderate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 2 completed trials, 182 people given it.7 reported3 citedThe main germ-killing peptide the human body makes. It is a key part of the body's first line of defense and of wound he...
PeptideImmuneThymalin
Moderate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 4 completed trials, 308 people given it.7 reported4 citedA peptide extract from calf thymus, used in the Soviet Union and Russia since the 1980s. There is a large Russian medica...
PeptideImmuneThymosin alpha-1 with KPV and LL-37
Strong. At least two finished studies in people, and at least 1,000 people who took it. 3 completed trials, 1,140 people given it.6 reported3 citedA three-peptide immune blend from the clinic end of the market. The ingredient with the biggest study, thymosin alpha-1,...
BlendImmuneIcatibant
Moderate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 5 completed trials, 306 people given it.4 reported5 citedIcatibant is a lab-made peptide that blocks bradykinin. It was approved in 2011 as a shot for sudden attacks of heredita...
PeptideHormoneMelittin
Moderate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 5 completed trials, 658 people given it.4 reported5 citedThe main peptide in bee venom, about half its dry weight. It punches holes in the walls of almost any kind of cell. Meli...
PeptideHealing & RecoveryRTB101
Moderate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 1 completed trial, 1,024 people given it.3 reported3 citedThe most important failed trial in ageing research. It looked good in two mid-stage trials, then did nothing in a 1,024...
Small moleculeLongevityIcotrokinra
Moderate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 2 completed trials, 311 people given it.3 reported2 citedA small peptide of 13 amino acids, taken as a pill, that blocks the IL-23 receptor. It is the first pill to hit that pat...
PeptideImmuneThymopentin
Moderate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 3 completed trials, 306 people given it.3 reported3 citedA five-part piece of a thymus hormone, used in some countries to tune the immune system.
PeptideImmuneRuxolitinib
Moderate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 1 completed trial, 309 people given it.2 citedAn approved drug that blocks two signalling enzymes, JAK1 and JAK2. In old mice it quieted the inflammatory signals from...
Small moleculeAnti-agingMethotrexate
Strong. At least two finished studies in people, and at least 1,000 people who took it. 2 completed trials, 5,022 people given it.4 reported2 citedThe best test we have of whether calming long-term inflammation makes you live longer. In a big heart trial in people, i...
Small moleculeImmuneTherapeutic Plasma Exchange
Moderate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 5 completed trials, 389 people given it.6 reported7 citedA standard hospital procedure that takes out plasma and puts a blood protein called albumin back. A 347-person trial in...
ProcedureLongevityBrimapitide
Moderate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 4 completed trials, 510 people given it.6 citedA lab made peptide that blocks JNK, an enzyme that tells stressed cells to die. In its big trial for sudden hearing loss...
PeptideNootropic & CNSIO102-IO103
Moderate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 3 completed trials, 470 people given it.3 reported6 citedA cancer vaccine made of two peptides, given as a shot along with the immune drug pembrolizumab for advanced melanoma. I...
PeptideImmuneOmega-3
Strong. At least two finished studies in people, and at least 1,000 people who took it. 3 completed trials, 34,050 people given it.4 reported5 citedTwo big heart studies of fish oil drugs came to opposite answers, and the dummy pill may be why. People with more omega-...
SupplementLongevityVitamin D
Strong. At least two finished studies in people, and at least 1,000 people who took it. 2 completed trials, 25,871 people given it.4 reported5 citedThe most-tested supplement there is, and the big tests mostly came back empty. In a study of 25,871 adults, a daily vita...
SupplementLongevityNavitoclax
Moderate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 2 completed trials, 137 people given it.2 reported4 citedThe most-quoted drug for clearing worn-out cells in mice, and the one you cannot give to healthy people. In its first st...
Small moleculeLongevityPegcetacoplan
Strong. At least two finished studies in people, and at least 1,000 people who took it. 3 completed trials, 1,258 people given it.3 reported4 citedOne drug with two unrelated approvals. As Empaveli, a drip under the skin, it treats a rare blood disease called PNH. Th...
PeptideImmuneCurcumin
Moderate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 3 completed trials, 195 people given it.5 reported3 citedAcross 103 studies and 42 health measures, only four had high-certainty evidence, including CRP, a blood marker of swell...
SupplementAntioxidantEverolimus
Strong. At least two finished studies in people, and at least 1,000 people who took it. 3 completed trials, 1,024 people given it.3 citedThe rapamycin copy behind the first believable human result in ageing research. In older adults, it improved the immune...
Small moleculeLongevityMinocycline
Moderate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 2 completed trials, 966 people given it.2 citedIt did not change how long mice lived, in males or females, when started late in life. In 412 people with ALS (Lou Gehri...
Small moleculeLongevityThymalin with epitalon
Strong. At least two finished studies in people, and at least 1,000 people who took it. 2 completed trials, 1,106 people given it.7 reported2 citedA pairing that was actually studied as a pair. 266 older people were followed for six to eight years on thymalin and epi...
BlendLongevityCotadutide
Strong. At least two finished studies in people, and at least 1,000 people who took it. 6 completed trials, 1,221 people given it.8 citedA once-a-day shot that acts on both GLP-1 and glucagon. AstraZeneca stopped developing it in 2023. Its own registry entr...
PeptideMetabolicNiacin
Strong. At least two finished studies in people, and at least 1,000 people who took it. 2 completed trials, 29,087 people given it.7 reported5 citedThe only NAD-pathway product ever tested against real heart outcomes, in 25,673 people in HPS2-THRIVE and 3,414 in AIM-H...
SupplementLongevityMIB-626
Moderate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 4 completed trials, 107 people given it.1 reported4 citedThe only NMN product with a real set of studies in people: three studies with a dummy pill group, about 104 people in al...
SupplementLongevityMycophenolic acid
Moderate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 2 completed trials, 227 people given it.5 reported2 citedA transplant drug that damps down the immune system. It was tested on the idea that rapamycin might help mice live longe...
Small moleculeImmuneLimited and Preliminary 22
Someone has been given it and a result was published, but in fewer than a hundred people. Or the studies in people only watched and never gave anybody anything. The math on each card says exactly how thin.
Glutathione
Limited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 1 completed trial, 54 people given it.8 reported2 citedThe body's main antioxidant inside cells, made of three amino acids. People take it for skin, for the liver and to clean...
SupplementAntioxidantThymogen
Preliminary. Studied in people, but no published study has had people take it. 1 human study where nobody was given it.1 reported1 citedA tiny lab-made immune peptide from thymus research, used in Russia to support the immune system.
PeptideImmuneHalofuginone
Preliminary. Studied in people, but no published study has had people take it. 3 human studies where nobody was given it, 1 registered with no result.2 reported4 citedIt has barely been tested in people. 24 cancer patients took it by mouth in an early safety study, and nausea capped the...
Small moleculeLongevityVIP
Limited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 1 completed trial, none stating how many people.2 reported2 citedA signalling peptide with wide effects on the immune system, swelling and blood flow. It has been studied as a nose spra...
PeptideHealing & RecoveryBPC-157
Limited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 3 completed trials, 31 people given it.10 reported7 citedA lab-made piece of a stomach protein. It has lots of animal studies on tendon, muscle and gut healing. In people there...
PeptideHealing & RecoveryARA-290
Limited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 5 completed trials, 95 people given it.7 reported6 citedA peptide made from part of EPO. It turns on the body's repair signals without raising red blood cells. It is studied fo...
PeptideHealing & RecoveryBradykinin
Limited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 2 completed trials, 47 people given it.2 reported4 citedBradykinin is a small inflammation signal, not a treatment. It is the reason some blood pressure pills cause a cough and...
PeptideHormoneGalanin
Limited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 4 completed trials, 21 people given it.4 citedGalanin has been dripped into healthy volunteers since 1986, and every one of those studies measured a hormone or blood...
PeptideNootropic & CNSQuercetin
Limited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 3 completed trials, 60 people given it.2 reported4 citedA plant compound in many foods, used with the drug dasatinib to clear worn-out cells. The pair does clear those cells in...
SupplementLongevityClusterin
Preliminary. Studied in people, but no published study has had people take it. 2 human studies where nobody was given it, 1 registered with no result.4 reported3 citedA blood protein that goes up with exercise. In old mice and in mice with an Alzheimer-like illness, it calmed brain infl...
BiologicLongevityRapamycin
Limited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 2 completed trials, 25 people given it.8 reported3 citedAn approved drug that blocks mTOR, a growth switch in cells. It makes many kinds of animals live longer. Some people tak...
Small moleculeLongevityAlpha-2-Macroglobulin
Limited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 1 completed trial, 75 people given it.6 reported2 citedA blood protein that blocks a wide range of enzymes, sold as a knee injection. The one proper trial in 75 people found i...
BiologicLongevityBGE-102
Limited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 1 completed trial, none stating how many people.2 reported2 citedBioAge's daily pill that blocks NLRP3, a trigger of long-term inflammation. In an early study, a blood marker of inflamm...
Small moleculeLongevityCCL11 Blockade
Preliminary. Studied in people, but no published study has had people take it. 2 human studies where nobody was given it.5 reported2 citedA signalling protein that rises with age in human blood and harms new brain cell growth in mice. There is data in people...
BiologicLongevityDapiglutide
Limited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 1 completed trial, 54 people given it.2 citedThe only drug in weight-loss testing that pairs GLP-1 with GLP-2. Its first test missed. In 54 people over 12 weeks, it...
PeptideMetabolicKLOW blend
Limited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 1 completed trial, 13 people given it.11 reported2 citedKLOW is a seller's mix of four peptides in one vial, usually 50 mg GHK-Cu plus 10 mg each of KPV, BPC-157 and TB-500. It...
BlendHealing & RecoveryLamivudine
Limited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 1 completed trial, none stating how many people.3 reported2 citedA thirty year old HIV and hepatitis B pill. Some scientists think old gene fragments waking up in our DNA drive the cons...
Small moleculeAnti-aging25-Hydroxycholesterol
Preliminary. Studied in people, but no published study has had people take it. 1 human study where nobody was given it.2 reported1 citedA cholesterol byproduct your body makes itself. A 2025 study found it made old mice's main artery less stiff, about as m...
Small moleculeLongevityFisetin
Limited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 1 completed trial, none stating how many people.3 reported1 citedA plant compound found in strawberries, sold to clear worn-out cells. No results in people yet. One mouse study found lo...
SupplementLongevityQuad healing blend
Limited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 1 completed trial, 13 people given it.8 reported1 citedThe same four peptides as KLOW, mixed in very different amounts. It is usually 5 mg TB-500, 5 mg BPC-157, 10 mg KPV and...
BlendHealing & RecoverySRT2104
Limited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 1 completed trial, none stating how many people.1 citedThe sirtuin drug that actually reached human trials against a dummy pill. It was built to succeed where resveratrol was...
Small moleculeLongevityPemvidutide
Limited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 2 completed trials, none stating how many people.1 reported3 citedAn experimental weekly shot from Altimmune that works on GLP-1 and glucagon. It is being made for obesity and fatty live...
PeptideMetabolicAnimal or lab only, and nothing measured 15
Studied in animals or in cells in a dish, or studied in people for something else entirely. Listed, not hidden, because knowing a thing has not been tested in a person is the useful part.
KPV
Animal or lab only. Only animal or lab studies on this page. No study in people yet. 2 animal studies, no human study.6 reportednone citedA tiny peptide of three amino acids, cut from the hormone alpha-MSH. It calms swelling and is studied for gut and skin i...
PeptideHealing & RecoveryThymulin
Animal or lab only. Only animal or lab studies on this page. No study in people yet. 1 animal study, no human study.1 reportednone citedA thymus hormone that needs zinc to work. It is studied for immune ageing, swelling and pain, mostly in the lab and in a...
PeptideImmune17-alpha-estradiol
Animal or lab only. Only animal or lab studies on this page. No study in people yet. 4 animal studies, no human study.4 reportednone citedIn male mice, it has made them live longer again and again, even at higher doses and even when started late in life. It...
HormoneLongevityAlpha-MSH
Animal or lab only. Only animal or lab studies on this page. No study in people yet. 1 animal study, no human study.1 reportednone citedThe natural hormone behind skin colour, appetite and swelling. Melanotan and similar peptides are built from it.
PeptideMelanocortinCaffeic acid phenethyl ester
Animal or lab only. Only animal or lab studies on this page. No study in people yet. 4 animal studies, 2 lab studies, no human study.1 reportednone citedNobody has published a study of CAPE itself in people. In mice, it did not extend lifespan at either dose by the NIA pro...
SupplementLongevityDeadpool blend
Animal or lab only. Only animal or lab studies on this page. No study in people yet. 1 animal study, 1 lab study, no human study.7 reportednone citedA vial of three repair peptides, most often 10 mg each of BPC-157, TB-500 and KPV. It is sold as KLOW without the copper...
BlendHealing & RecoveryPlatelet Factor 4
Animal or lab only. Only animal or lab studies on this page. No study in people yet. 3 animal studies, no human study.4 reportednone citedA protein released by the tiny cells that help blood clot. In 2023, three separate labs reported it restored memory in o...
BiologicLongevityVilon
Animal or lab only. Only animal or lab studies on this page. No study in people yet. 1 animal study, 1 lab study, no human study.6 reportednone citedA tiny lab-made peptide from Khavinson's group, studied for the immune system and ageing.
PeptideAnti-agingZinc
None. No study cited on this page yet. no study cited on this page yet.1 reportednone citedA mineral your body needs, with real evidence about shortage in people. High daily doses taken just in case are the prob...
SupplementLongevityBPC-157 with KPV
Animal or lab only. Only animal or lab studies on this page. No study in people yet. 1 animal study, no human study.7 reportednone citedTwo peptides sold together for gut problems, most often 10 mg of each in a 20 mg vial. Nobody has ever studied the pair....
BlendHealing & RecoverySenolytic CAR T cells
Animal or lab only. Only animal or lab studies on this page. No study in people yet. 3 animal studies, no human study.none citedLiving immune cells, called T cells, engineered to find and kill worn-out 'zombie' cells by a marker on their surface ca...
BiologicImmuneSenolytic vaccine (anti-GPNMB)
Animal or lab only. Only animal or lab studies on this page. No study in people yet. 3 animal studies, no human study.none citedA vaccine that trains the immune system to attack GPNMB, a protein found in high amounts on worn-out 'zombie' cells. In...
BiologicImmuneBronchogen
Animal or lab only. Only animal or lab studies on this page. No study in people yet. 2 lab studies, no human study.4 reportednone citedBronchogen is a four building block peptide from Khavinson's institute, sold for lung health. The only evidence is lab w...
PeptideImmuneChonluten
Animal or lab only. Only animal or lab studies on this page. No study in people yet. 2 lab studies, no human study.2 reportednone citedChonluten is a three building block peptide from Khavinson's institute, sold for lung and gut lining health. The evidenc...
PeptideImmunePNC-27
Animal or lab only. Only animal or lab studies on this page. No study in people yet. 1 lab study, no human study.2 reportednone citedPNC-27 is a peptide that bursts cancer cells in a dish. It is sold online as a cancer cure, to breathe in, inject and mo...
PeptideImmuneReading on this goal
Peptides for Longevity: What the Evidence Actually Shows in 2026
A full review of every peptide and related compound sold for aging: GLP-1 drugs, rapamycin, the growth hormone peptides, epitalon, thymalin, klotho, humanin, senolytics, SS-31, GHK-Cu, MOTS-c and FOXO4-DRI. What happened in people, what happened in animals and the legal status of each, in one table. Plain English.
Peptides for Gut Health: BPC-157, KPV and Larazotide Ranked by Human Evidence
Five peptides sold or studied for the gut, sorted by what has actually been tested in people: larazotide (a good mid-sized study, then a big study stopped in 2022 because it wasn't working), teduglutide (approved), BPC-157 (three small reports in people, none about the gut), KPV (never tested in people) and pentadeca arginate (no studies at all), plus what the July 2026 FDA panel votes did and did not decide. Plain English.
GLOW vs KLOW vs Wolverine: What Is in Each Stack and What the Evidence Says, Ingredient by Ingredient
The three most-searched peptide blends of 2026 in plain English: what is in Wolverine, GLOW and KLOW, what happened when people used each ingredient, the shelf-life problem nobody mentions, and why no study has ever tested any of the blends.
FDA Peptide Status in 2026: The Category 2 Removals, the July Votes, and What Actually Changed
A dated tracker of where BPC-157, TB-500, KPV, MOTS-c, Epitalon, Semax and DSIP stand with the FDA after the April 2026 list change and the July 23 to 24 advisory panel votes. Plain English, with a link to every source.
What the number counts, exactly
The number on each card is how many sources on that compound’s page are studies in people. It is counted the same simple way for all 453 compounds. You can check any of it by opening the profile and reading the list of sources. That is the whole point of showing a number at all.
It counts what we cite. It does not claim how much research exists. A compound with three studies in people here may have thirty in print, and the honest thing to say is that we have read and listed three. It is also not a quality score. Three small, loose studies count the same as three careful ones. So the groups tell you how much was measured in people, and the profile page tells you how well.