Ageing and longevity
Does anything actually slow ageing?
The hardest question on the site to answer honestly. A real study of living longer would take decades in people, and nobody has run one. What exists is work on blood tests and other body markers, and this page says so.
170 compounds studied for this · 55 with a completed trial of a hundred people or more · 36 with no study in people at all
What has actually been measured here
This page lists the compounds studied for ageing and longevity. These pages work the other way round. They take one goal at a time and list every compound by how many people it was measured in, most first. Each shows what the study found, and the trials that found nothing are counted.
Living longer
Is there any evidence it makes people live longer?
Biological age markers
Does it change a biological age clock?
Cell energy and mitochondria
Does it really do anything for cellular energy?
Cancer and tumours
What is the cancer signal, good or bad?
Strong and Moderate 55
At least one finished trial that gave the compound to a hundred people or more. That tells you how much has been measured. It does not tell you whether it will work for you. The math sits under every band.
Metformin
Moderate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 3 completed trials, 489 people given it.6 reported7 citedA cheap, very safe diabetes drug that many people take hoping to live longer. Big studies in people have not shown it he...
Small moleculeLongevityEpitalon
Moderate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 5 completed trials, 266 people given it.6 reported6 citedA lab-made peptide based on a pineal gland extract. It has more human data than its reputation suggests, including 266 o...
PeptideAnti-agingTaurine
Moderate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 1 completed trial, 120 people given it.5 reported3 citedA 2023 paper said falling taurine drives ageing. Two 2025 papers in people, one from the US government's own ageing inst...
SupplementLongevitySpermidine
Moderate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 2 completed trials, 130 people given it.4 reported4 citedA natural compound in foods like wheat germ and aged cheese that helps cells clean house. A year-long memory study found...
SupplementLongevityBPTES
Moderate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 2 completed trials, 513 people given it.1 reported2 citedThe lab tool behind a separate clean-up idea. Worn-out cells use glutamine, a common amino acid, to cancel out their own...
Small moleculeLongevityTelaglenastat
Moderate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 3 completed trials, 513 people given it.1 reported5 citedThe only drug of its kind with proper studies in people, and those studies are in cancer. In the main one, 444 people wi...
Small moleculeLongevityNavitoclax
Moderate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 2 completed trials, 137 people given it.2 reported4 citedThe most-quoted drug for clearing worn-out cells in mice, and the one you cannot give to healthy people. In its first st...
Small moleculeLongevityUBX0101
Moderate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 1 completed trial, 183 people given it.3 reported4 citedThe first clean-up drug for worn-out cells tested in a proper study against a real symptom. In 183 people with knee arth...
Small moleculeLongevityCardiac glycosides
Moderate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 1 completed trial, 6,800 people given it.2 citedTwo 2019 papers said these heart drugs kill worn-out cells in a dish and in mice. Separately, digoxin was tested for hea...
Small moleculeLongevityGreen tea extract
Moderate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 1 completed trial, 1,075 people given it.4 reported2 citedIn people, the biggest study gave 1,075 women 843 mg of EGCG a day for a year. Liver blood tests went up in 6.7 percent...
SupplementLongevityTherapeutic Plasma Exchange
Moderate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 5 completed trials, 389 people given it.6 reported7 citedA standard hospital procedure that takes out plasma and puts a blood protein called albumin back. A 347-person trial in...
ProcedureLongevityEnalapril
Strong. At least two finished studies in people, and at least 1,000 people who took it. 2 completed trials, 2,822 people given it.5 reported3 citedIn people, it is a blood pressure and heart failure drug with one of the deepest records in heart medicine for keeping s...
Small moleculeLongevityAzithromycin and roxithromycin
Moderate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 1 completed trial, 480 people given it.2 citedTwo approved antibiotics that cleared about 97 percent of worn-out 'zombie' human cells in one lab test, while their clo...
Small moleculeAnti-agingThymalin with epitalon
Strong. At least two finished studies in people, and at least 1,000 people who took it. 2 completed trials, 1,106 people given it.7 reported2 citedA pairing that was actually studied as a pair. 266 older people were followed for six to eight years on thymalin and epi...
BlendLongevityGDF15
Moderate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 2 completed trials, 313 people given it.3 reported6 citedGDF15 is a stress signal your body makes when cells are in trouble. It acts on the part of the brain that makes you feel...
BiologicMetabolicMitoglitazone
Moderate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 2 completed trials, 385 people given it.1 reported4 citedIn people, it was tested in 356 people with type 2 diabetes and 29 people with Alzheimer disease. The company ran both s...
Small moleculeLongevityPQQ
Moderate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 3 completed trials, 116 people given it.5 reported4 citedSold to grow new mitochondria, the cell's power plants. In a six-week training study, PQQ raised one mitochondria-buildi...
SupplementAntioxidantRisuteganib
Moderate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 2 completed trials, 263 people given it.4 citedA peptide injected into the eye for dry macular degeneration and for retina swelling caused by diabetes. About 435 peopl...
PeptideHealing & RecoveryThymalin
Moderate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 4 completed trials, 308 people given it.7 reported4 citedA peptide extract from calf thymus, used in the Soviet Union and Russia since the 1980s. There is a large Russian medica...
PeptideImmuneResveratrol
Moderate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 14 completed trials, 403 people given it.7 reported14 citedResveratrol is the grape and red wine compound behind the first big wave of anti-ageing research. It is one of the most...
SupplementLongevityEmpagliflozin
Strong. At least two finished studies in people, and at least 1,000 people who took it. 3 completed trials, 16,738 people given it.4 reported4 citedA diabetes pill that also protects the heart and kidneys. Four big studies in more than 23,000 sick people found fewer d...
Small moleculeMetabolicElamipretide
Moderate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 5 completed trials, 487 people given it.6 reported5 citedApproved in 2025 for one rare genetic disease, Barth syndrome, on a result its own main study missed. In a large final-s...
PeptideAnti-agingIdebenone
Moderate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 5 completed trials, 732 people given it.5 citedApproved in the European Union for one rare inherited eye disease that causes sudden vision loss. The approval came unde...
SupplementAntioxidantZoledronic acid
Strong. At least two finished studies in people, and at least 1,000 people who took it. 4 completed trials, 7,176 people given it.4 citedAn approved once-a-year bone drip with an odd, unexplained link to fewer deaths. In a study of people after a broken hip...
Small moleculeLongevityCoQ10
Moderate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 2 completed trials, 162 people given it.4 reported3 citedOne strong study in people with serious heart failure cut major heart problems from 26% to 15%. For statin muscle pain,...
SupplementAntioxidantEverolimus
Strong. At least two finished studies in people, and at least 1,000 people who took it. 3 completed trials, 1,024 people given it.3 citedThe rapamycin copy behind the first believable human result in ageing research. In older adults, it improved the immune...
Small moleculeLongevityRTB101
Moderate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 1 completed trial, 1,024 people given it.3 reported3 citedThe most important failed trial in ageing research. It looked good in two mid-stage trials, then did nothing in a 1,024...
Small moleculeLongevityCarnosine
Moderate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 2 completed trials, 299 people given it.4 reported2 citedA two-part molecule the body makes itself, sold as an anti-ageing supplement. It is not approved anywhere for anything....
SupplementAntioxidantRuxolitinib
Moderate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 1 completed trial, 309 people given it.2 citedAn approved drug that blocks two signalling enzymes, JAK1 and JAK2. In old mice it quieted the inflammatory signals from...
Small moleculeAnti-agingSimvastatin
Strong. At least two finished studies in people, and at least 1,000 people who took it. 2 completed trials, 24,980 people given it.6 reported2 citedMixed into mouse food at two doses from 9 months of age, simvastatin did not change how long mice lived, in males or fem...
Small moleculeLongevityTesamorelin
Strong. At least two finished studies in people, and at least 1,000 people who took it. 8 completed trials, 1,729 people given it.10 reported8 citedAn FDA-approved shot that shrinks belly fat, the deep fat around the organs. It is also being studied for memory and thi...
PeptideGrowth HormoneArgireline
Moderate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 4 completed trials, 155 people given it.7 reported7 citedA skin cream peptide sold as a 'Botox-like' wrinkle softener for lines from facial expressions.
PeptideCosmeticBNP and nesiritide
Strong. At least two finished studies in people, and at least 1,000 people who took it. 3 completed trials, 7,149 people given it.4 reported6 citedBNP is a heart hormone with two lives. As a blood test, it is the standard way to check for heart failure. As a drug, it...
PeptideHormoneCreatine
Moderate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 3 completed trials, 168 people given it.5 reported4 citedOne of the most studied supplements there is. It clearly boosts strength. Its effect on muscle size is smaller than the...
SupplementMuscle & PerformanceFGF21
Moderate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 2 completed trials, 350 people given it.4 reported4 citedFGF21 is a hormone your liver makes when you fast, eat sugar or eat less protein. Lab-built versions healed liver scarri...
BiologicMetabolicEGCG
Strong. At least two finished studies in people, and at least 1,000 people who took it. 3 completed trials, 1,172 people given it.5 reported3 citedA mid-stage study of 800 mg of EGCG a day in multiple sclerosis was stopped by its safety board. 5 of the 7 people on th...
SupplementAntioxidantMethotrexate
Strong. At least two finished studies in people, and at least 1,000 people who took it. 2 completed trials, 5,022 people given it.4 reported2 citedThe best test we have of whether calming long-term inflammation makes you live longer. In a big heart trial in people, i...
Small moleculeImmuneMifepristone
Moderate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 2 completed trials, 320 people given it.4 reported2 citedIn people, mifepristone is approved for high blood sugar in Cushing's syndrome and for ending early pregnancy. Nobody ha...
Small moleculeHormoneNicotinamide
Moderate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 4 completed trials, 591 people given it.2 reported4 citedA plain form of vitamin B3. In a large final-stage study of 386 people at high risk, 500 mg twice a day cut new skin can...
SupplementLongevityOxaloacetate
Moderate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 2 completed trials, 112 people given it.4 reported2 citedFed to mice from 4 months of age, it did not change how long they lived, in either sex. The human record is two small st...
SupplementLongevitySodium phenylbutyrate
Moderate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 2 completed trials, 148 people given it.4 reported2 citedIn people, it is approved for a rare disease of ammonia build-up. A pill that paired it with a bile acid was approved fo...
Small moleculeLongevitySermorelin
Moderate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 3 completed trials, 139 people given it.8 reported3 citedA piece of the hormone that tells your body to make growth hormone. It was once approved for children short on growth ho...
PeptideGrowth HormoneNattokinase
Strong. At least two finished studies in people, and at least 1,000 people who took it. 9 completed trials, 1,795 people given it.6 reported13 citedNattokinase is a clot-busting enzyme made when bacteria ferment soybeans into natto, a Japanese food. For a supplement,...
BiologicLongevitySulforaphane
Moderate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 7 completed trials, 423 people given it.6 reported7 citedThree studies set a main goal in advance, and all three missed it. They tested a prostate cancer blood marker (PSA) in 7...
SupplementAntioxidantNiacin
Strong. At least two finished studies in people, and at least 1,000 people who took it. 2 completed trials, 29,087 people given it.7 reported5 citedThe only NAD-pathway product ever tested against real heart outcomes, in 25,673 people in HPS2-THRIVE and 3,414 in AIM-H...
SupplementLongevityOmega-3
Strong. At least two finished studies in people, and at least 1,000 people who took it. 3 completed trials, 34,050 people given it.4 reported5 citedTwo big heart studies of fish oil drugs came to opposite answers, and the dummy pill may be why. People with more omega-...
SupplementLongevityVitamin D
Strong. At least two finished studies in people, and at least 1,000 people who took it. 2 completed trials, 25,871 people given it.4 reported5 citedThe most-tested supplement there is, and the big tests mostly came back empty. In a study of 25,871 adults, a daily vita...
SupplementLongevityLow-dose lithium
Moderate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 3 completed trials, 106 people given it.5 reported4 citedThe tap water studies people quote are not tests on people. A review pooled 15 studies that compared lithium in local wa...
SupplementLongevityMIB-626
Moderate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 4 completed trials, 107 people given it.1 reported4 citedThe only NMN product with a real set of studies in people: three studies with a dummy pill group, about 104 people in al...
SupplementLongevityCurcumin
Moderate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 3 completed trials, 195 people given it.5 reported3 citedAcross 103 studies and 42 health measures, only four had high-certainty evidence, including CRP, a blood marker of swell...
SupplementAntioxidantHydralazine
Strong. At least two finished studies in people, and at least 1,000 people who took it. 3 completed trials, 1,724 people given it.4 reported3 citedAn old blood pressure drug. In people, paired with a nitrate, it cut deaths in heart failure. It made worms live longer...
Small moleculeLongevityNRPT
Moderate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 3 completed trials, 176 people given it.3 reported3 citedIn 120 healthy adults aged 60 to 80, it raised NAD in whole blood by about 40 percent at the normal dose and about 90 pe...
SupplementLongevityMinocycline
Moderate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 2 completed trials, 966 people given it.2 citedIt did not change how long mice lived, in males or females, when started late in life. In 412 people with ALS (Lou Gehri...
Small moleculeLongevityTrametinib
Strong. At least two finished studies in people, and at least 1,000 people who took it. 2 completed trials, 1,192 people given it.2 citedAn approved melanoma drug that made mice live longer. Added to rapamycin, the effects stacked, which suggests the two dr...
Small moleculeLongevitySelenium
Moderate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 1 completed trial, 35,533 people given it.1 reported1 citedSELECT, a trial of 35,533 men, tested selenium, vitamin E, both, or a dummy pill. Selenium did not prevent prostate canc...
SupplementLongevityLimited and Preliminary 79
Someone has been given it and a result was published, but in fewer than a hundred people. Or the studies in people only watched and never gave anybody anything. The math on each card says exactly how thin.
Rapamycin
Limited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 2 completed trials, 25 people given it.8 reported3 citedAn approved drug that blocks mTOR, a growth switch in cells. It makes many kinds of animals live longer. Some people tak...
Small moleculeLongevityNAD+
Limited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 1 completed trial, none stating how many people.7 reported1 citedA helper molecule every cell needs to make energy. It is sold as drips and shots for anti-aging and recovery. Levels fal...
SupplementLongevityNMN
Limited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 4 completed trials, 94 people given it.6 reported4 citedA pill the body turns into NAD+. It is studied for blood sugar and strength in ageing. Early studies in people show smal...
SupplementLongevityMOTS-c
Limited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 1 completed trial, 30 people given it.6 reported8 citedA tiny peptide made from the DNA in the cell's power plants. In people there are real studies: a gene variant common in...
PeptideLongevityGinsenoside Rg3
Limited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 1 completed trial, 24 people given it.2 citedA compound from ginseng that pushes worn-out cells in opposite directions depending on the cell. In a dish it brought wo...
SupplementLongevity17-DMAG
Limited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 2 completed trials, 49 people given it.3 reported4 citedIn people, it was only ever given into a vein to about 80 people with advanced cancer, in early dose-finding studies. He...
Small moleculeLongevityMitoQ
Limited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 1 completed trial, none stating how many people.7 reported1 citedA widely sold antioxidant aimed at mitochondria. In a study of 20 healthy older adults, it helped their blood vessels wo...
SupplementAntioxidantNicotinamide Riboside
Limited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 4 completed trials, 90 people given it.5 reported5 citedA form of vitamin B3 that reliably raises NAD in people. That part is proven. A big mouse program found it did not help...
SupplementLongevityDT2216
Limited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 1 completed trial, 20 people given it.3 reported4 citedBuilt to fix navitoclax's platelet problem. It hands the target protein to a cell tool that platelets barely have. In it...
Small moleculeLongevityABT-737
Preliminary. Studied in people, but no published study has had people take it. 1 human study where nobody was given it.1 reported2 citedThe lab parent of navitoclax, used in mice to clear worn-out cells. Nobody has ever been given ABT-737 in a published st...
Small moleculeLongevityGpld1
Preliminary. Studied in people, but no published study has had people take it. 2 human studies where nobody was given it.4 reported2 citedA liver enzyme released into the blood during exercise. In mice, it passed the brain benefits of running to old mice tha...
BiologicLongevityGlyNAC
Limited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 2 completed trials, none stating how many people.3 reported2 citedA mix of glycine and NAC, two building blocks the body uses to make its main antioxidant, glutathione. Small studies in...
SupplementAntioxidantCCL11 Blockade
Preliminary. Studied in people, but no published study has had people take it. 2 human studies where nobody was given it.5 reported2 citedA signalling protein that rises with age in human blood and harms new brain cell growth in mice. There is data in people...
BiologicLongevityLamivudine
Limited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 1 completed trial, none stating how many people.3 reported2 citedA thirty year old HIV and hepatitis B pill. Some scientists think old gene fragments waking up in our DNA drive the cons...
Small moleculeAnti-agingBeta-2 Microglobulin
Preliminary. Studied in people, but no published study has had people take it. 1 human study where nobody was given it.5 reported1 citedA blood protein that rises with age. Injected into young mice, it harms new brain cell growth and memory. In people it i...
BiologicLongevityOSK Partial Reprogramming
Preliminary. Studied in people, but no published study has had people take it. 1 registered with no result.5 reported1 citedThree of the four Yamanaka genes, switched on briefly to reset the ageing marks on DNA without wiping out what kind of c...
BiologicLongevityRTR242
Limited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 1 completed trial, none stating how many people.1 reported1 citedThe first drug in people from Retro Biosciences, the longevity company backed by Sam Altman. It is a pill meant to resto...
Small moleculeNootropic & CNSMethylene Blue
Limited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 1 completed trial, 26 people given it.7 reported3 citedMethylene blue is an FDA-approved antidote for a rare blood problem called methemoglobinemia. Biohackers take small dose...
Small moleculeAntioxidant25-Hydroxycholesterol
Preliminary. Studied in people, but no published study has had people take it. 1 human study where nobody was given it.2 reported1 citedA cholesterol byproduct your body makes itself. A 2025 study found it made old mice's main artery less stiff, about as m...
Small moleculeLongevityFOXO4-DRI
Limited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 1 completed trial, 74 people given it.8 reported1 citedAn experimental peptide that kills worn-out cells in animal studies. It has not been tested in people.
PeptideAnti-agingApelin
Limited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 3 completed trials, 68 people given it.3 reported6 citedApelin is a natural signal that widens arteries and makes the heart pump harder. That was shown with short drips in abou...
PeptideMetabolicEpicatechin
Limited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 4 completed trials, 44 people given it.1 reported6 citedIn people, small studies of the pure compound found a small drop in fasting insulin at 100 mg a day and nothing at 25 mg...
SupplementLongevityDasatinib
Limited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 3 completed trials, 74 people given it.3 reported4 citedAn approved leukemia drug also tried, with quercetin, to clear worn-out cells. Early studies with no comparison group lo...
Small moleculeLongevityQuercetin
Limited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 3 completed trials, 60 people given it.2 reported4 citedA plant compound in many foods, used with the drug dasatinib to clear worn-out cells. The pair does clear those cells in...
SupplementLongevity(R/S)-1,3-Butanediol
Limited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 1 completed trial, none stating how many people.2 reported3 citedIn people, it raises blood ketones for a few hours. In 9 cyclists, it gave 5 of them moderate to severe gut problems and...
SupplementLongevityClusterin
Preliminary. Studied in people, but no published study has had people take it. 2 human studies where nobody was given it, 1 registered with no result.4 reported3 citedA blood protein that goes up with exercise. In old mice and in mice with an Alzheimer-like illness, it calmed brain infl...
BiologicLongevityUrolithin A
Limited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 2 completed trials, none stating how many people.4 reported3 citedA compound your gut makes from pomegranates and berries. In older adults it helped muscle stamina and strength on some t...
SupplementMuscle & PerformanceYoung Plasma Infusion
Limited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 1 completed trial, 18 people given it.6 reported3 citedPlasma from donors aged 18 to 30, dripped into older people. The one proper trial took 18 people with Alzheimer disease...
ProcedureLongevityAlpha-2-Macroglobulin
Limited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 1 completed trial, 75 people given it.6 reported2 citedA blood protein that blocks a wide range of enzymes, sold as a knee injection. The one proper trial in 75 people found i...
BiologicLongevityKlotho
Preliminary. Studied in people, but no published study has had people take it. 2 human studies where nobody was given it.2 citedNobody has given klotho to a person in a published study. People with higher blood levels tend to live longer and think...
BiologicLongevityMetformin plus rapamycin
Preliminary. Studied in people, but no published study has had people take it. 2 registered with no result.2 reported2 citedNobody has tested this pair in people. In mice fed both from 9 months, typical lifespan rose 23 percent in both sexes. B...
Small moleculeLongevityPlasma Dilution
Limited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 2 completed trials, 42 people given it.6 reported2 citedThe mouse experiment that asked whether young blood is needed at all. Swapping half the plasma for salt water plus album...
ProcedureLongevityErgothioneine
Preliminary. Studied in people, but no published study has had people take it. 1 human study where nobody was given it.1 reported1 citedAn antioxidant from food, mainly mushrooms, that your body pulls into its cells. It is studied as a possible longevity n...
SupplementAntioxidantFGF17
Preliminary. Studied in people, but no published study has had people take it. 1 human study where nobody was given it.4 reported1 citedThe factor found when young spinal fluid was pumped into the brains of old mice. In people it is known for something els...
BiologicLongevityFisetin
Limited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 1 completed trial, none stating how many people.3 reported1 citedA plant compound found in strawberries, sold to clear worn-out cells. No results in people yet. One mouse study found lo...
SupplementLongevityTIMP2
Preliminary. Studied in people, but no published study has had people take it. 1 human study where nobody was given it.4 reported1 citedA protein found in high amounts in human umbilical cord blood. In old mice, it restored how the memory centre of the bra...
BiologicLongevitySkQ1
Preliminary. Studied in people, but no published study has had people take it. 1 human study where nobody was given it.4 reported1 citedSkQ1 is an antioxidant aimed at mitochondria, the cell's power plants. In Russia it is registered as an eye drop for dry...
Small moleculeAntioxidantNAD+ with glutathione
Limited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 1 completed trial, 21 people given it.5 reported2 citedUsually two separate drips or shots given in one clinic visit, not one vial, because no premixed product is standard. NA...
BlendLongevityRilmenidine
Preliminary. Studied in people, but no published study has had people take it. 1 human study where nobody was given it.1 reported1 citedA European blood pressure pill that makes tiny worms live longer. In mice, the results are worse than nothing. It did wh...
Small moleculeLongevityHumanin
Limited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 1 completed trial, 30 people given it.6 reported5 citedA tiny peptide made from mitochondrial DNA. In people it has been watched, not given. It falls with age, runs high in th...
PeptideLongevityNAD+ / B Complex
Limited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 5 completed trials, 34 people given it.8 reported5 citedInjectable NAD+ mixed with B12, and sometimes B6, sold as a clinic drip or as a vial for shots under the skin. No study...
BlendLongevityAcarbose
Preliminary. Studied in people, but no published study has had people take it. 2 human studies where nobody was given it.4 reported2 citedAn old, cheap diabetes pill that slows how fast starch turns into sugar. In people, a large heart study found no heart b...
Small moleculeLongevityGlutathione
Limited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 1 completed trial, 54 people given it.8 reported2 citedThe body's main antioxidant inside cells, made of three amino acids. People take it for skin, for the liver and to clean...
SupplementAntioxidantCalcium AKG
Preliminary. Studied in people, but no published study has had people take it. 1 human study where nobody was given it.3 reported1 citedA supplement made from a natural body chemical, taken for healthy ageing. One mouse study found longer life. The US gove...
SupplementLongevityDimethyl fumarate
Limited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 3 completed trials, 54 people given it.4 reported3 citedAn approved multiple sclerosis drug, and the cleanest drug we have for switching on NRF2. In mice, it did not extend lif...
Small moleculeAntioxidantAlpha-ketobutyrate
Preliminary. Studied in people, but no published study has had people take it. 2 human studies where nobody was given it.3 reported2 citedOne lifespan paper, in tiny worms. In people, a closely related body chemical, alpha-hydroxybutyrate, is not a sign of l...
SupplementLongevityBGE-102
Limited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 1 completed trial, none stating how many people.2 reported2 citedBioAge's daily pill that blocks NLRP3, a trigger of long-term inflammation. In an early study, a blood marker of inflamm...
Small moleculeLongevitySHLP2
Preliminary. Studied in people, but no published study has had people take it. 2 human studies where nobody was given it.6 reported2 citedA tiny peptide made by mitochondria, the power plants inside your cells. It has a known receptor, a weight result in mic...
PeptideLongevityGDF11
Preliminary. Studied in people, but no published study has had people take it. 1 human study where nobody was given it.3 reported1 citedGDF11 is the protein behind the young blood story. Two famous mouse papers in 2013 and 2014 said it drops with age and t...
BiologicAnti-agingMitochondrial+ blend
Preliminary. Studied in people, but no published study has had people take it. 1 human study where nobody was given it.6 reported1 citedA 55 mg vial of three peptides, sold at 9 mg SS-31, 16 mg TB-500 and 30 mg MOTS-c. MOTS-c is more than half the powder,...
BlendLongevityMOTS-c with SS-31
Preliminary. Studied in people, but no published study has had people take it. 1 human study where nobody was given it.6 reported1 citedTwo peptides aimed at mitochondria, the energy makers inside cells, sold as one stack. SS-31 is elamipretide. It reached...
BlendLongevityUrsodeoxycholic acid
Limited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 1 completed trial, 30 people given it.3 reported1 citedAn approved bile acid that also protects mitochondria. In people, a small safety study in Parkinson disease is the resul...
Small moleculeLongevityDanazol
Limited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 3 completed trials, 63 people given it.5 reported5 citedThe one drug here that made telomeres longer in people. Telomeres are the caps on the ends of your DNA that shorten with...
HormoneHormoneNomlabofusp
Limited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 2 completed trials, 28 people given it.5 citedA replacement for frataxin, the protein people with Friedreich ataxia are missing. It is joined to a short peptide that...
BiologicNootropic & CNSHalofuginone
Preliminary. Studied in people, but no published study has had people take it. 3 human studies where nobody was given it, 1 registered with no result.2 reported4 citedIt has barely been tested in people. 24 cancer patients took it by mouth in an early safety study, and nausea capped the...
Small moleculeLongevityIrisin
Limited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 1 completed trial, 7 people given it.2 reported4 citedIrisin is a small protein your muscles release, and people link it to exercise. Nobody has ever given it to a person. In...
BiologicMetabolicAdiponectin
Preliminary. Studied in people, but no published study has had people take it. 3 human studies where nobody was given it.2 reported3 citedAdiponectin is a hormone your fat makes, and it falls as you gain fat. Many studies link low levels to diabetes. It has...
BiologicMetabolicNAC
Limited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 2 completed trials, 15 people given it.3 citedNAC is what the body uses to make glutathione. It is FDA-approved to thin mucus and as the standard antidote for a Tylen...
SupplementAntioxidantNeuropeptide Y
Limited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 3 completed trials, 20 people given it.5 reported3 citedThe one big test in people was a year-long study of a pill that blocks one of its receptors, in 1,661 overweight and obe...
PeptideNootropic & CNSPinealon
Limited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 2 completed trials, none stating how many people.6 reported3 citedA tiny lab-made peptide from Khavinson's group, studied for brain protection and thinking.
PeptideNootropic & CNSAlpha-Lipoic Acid
Limited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 1 completed trial, none stating how many people.3 reported2 citedAn antioxidant studied for nerve pain in diabetes and for metabolic health. It is sold as a supplement and used as a dru...
SupplementAntioxidantFollistatin
Limited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 2 completed trials, 12 people given it.2 citedA natural protein that blocks myostatin and activin, two brakes on muscle growth. It is studied mostly as gene therapy f...
BiologicMuscle & PerformanceRLS-1496
Preliminary. Studied in people, but no published study has had people take it. 1 human study where nobody was given it, 1 registered with no result.1 reported2 citedRubedo's skin cream meant to clear worn-out skin cells. In an early study in psoriasis, eczema and sun-damaged skin, it...
Small moleculeAnti-agingAdropin
Preliminary. Studied in people, but no published study has had people take it. 1 human study where nobody was given it.1 citedA peptide whose blood level is lower in people who are heavier and older. Every human study just measures it. No one has...
PeptideMetabolicATX-304
Preliminary. Studied in people, but no published study has had people take it. 1 human study where nobody was given it.2 reported1 citedATX-304 is a pill that switches on AMPK, the cell's fuel sensor. It has one 28-day pilot study in people with type 2 dia...
Small moleculeMetabolicPterostilbene
Limited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 1 completed trial, 80 people given it.4 reported2 citedOne study in people: 80 adults with high cholesterol. At 250 mg a day, it lowered the top blood pressure number by 7.8 p...
SupplementLongevityDSIP with selank and epitalon
Limited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 1 completed trial, 62 people given it.6 reported3 citedA sleep and body clock blend, usually 2 mg DSIP, 2 mg epitalon and 0.5 mg selank. So the two bigger ingredients are each...
BlendNootropic & CNSTUDCA
Limited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 3 completed trials, 54 people given it.7 reported5 citedIn twenty obese adults over four weeks, insulin sensitivity in the liver and muscle rose about 30 percent on a detailed...
SupplementLongevityAmbroxol
Limited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 2 completed trials, 73 people given it.1 reported3 citedA cough medicine sold over the counter in much of the world. At high doses it raises a key enzyme in the brain. The one...
Small moleculeAnti-agingEndoluten
Preliminary. Studied in people, but no published study has had people take it. 3 human studies where nobody was given it.8 reported3 citedA pineal gland capsule sold on the long-life claims of two other products. A PubMed search for Endoluten finds zero pape...
PeptideAnti-agingAshwagandha
Limited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 1 completed trial, none stating how many people.2 reported2 citedAn optional part of Aaron's stack, for stress and sleep. There are trials of root extracts tested against a dummy pill....
SupplementLongevityER-100
Preliminary. Studied in people, but no published study has had people take it. 2 human studies where nobody was given it.1 reported2 citedThe first test in people of partial cell reprogramming. Life Biosciences gave the first patient ER-100 in June 2026. It...
BiologicLongevityFoselutoclax
Limited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 2 completed trials, none stating how many people.2 reported2 citedAn eye shot that clears worn-out cells. In people with diabetic swelling in the eye, it kept up with the standard drug a...
Small moleculeLongevityVitamin K2
Preliminary. Studied in people, but no published study has had people take it. 2 human studies where nobody was given it.1 reported2 citedThe K2 half of Aaron's vitamin D3 plus K2 pairing. In the Rotterdam Study, people who ate more K2 in their food had less...
SupplementLongevityApigenin
Preliminary. Studied in people, but no published study has had people take it. 1 human study where nobody was given it.1 reported1 citedSold as a way to protect your NAD by blocking CD38, an enzyme that uses NAD up. That rests on one 2013 paper in cells an...
SupplementAntioxidantMagnesium
Limited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 1 completed trial, 46 people given it.4 reported1 citedIt lowers blood pressure by a real but small amount, about 2 points. The sleep evidence is three small studies in 151 pe...
SupplementLongevityNMNH
Limited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 1 completed trial, none stating how many people.1 reported1 citedRaises NAD in cells and mouse tissue faster and higher than NMN, by a route that skips two slow enzyme steps. In the sam...
SupplementLongevityNRH
Limited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 1 completed trial, 65 people given it.1 reported1 citedIn cells grown in a dish, NRH raised NAD 2.5 to 10-fold within an hour, more than NR or NMN at the same amount. It also...
SupplementLongevitySRT2104
Limited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 1 completed trial, none stating how many people.1 citedThe sirtuin drug that actually reached human trials against a dummy pill. It was built to succeed where resveratrol was...
Small moleculeLongevityAnimal or lab only, and nothing measured 36
Studied in animals or in cells in a dish, or studied in people for something else entirely. Listed, not hidden, because knowing a thing has not been tested in a person is the useful part.
Piperlongumine
Animal or lab only. Only animal or lab studies on this page. No study in people yet. 1 animal study, 3 lab studies, no human study.2 reportednone citedA compound from long pepper. A 2016 lab test found it kills worn-out human skin cells in a dish. Everything published on...
Small moleculeLongevityChemical Reprogramming Cocktails
Animal or lab only. Only animal or lab studies on this page. No study in people yet. 1 animal study, 3 lab studies, no human study.4 reportednone citedMixes of small molecules that do the job of the gene therapy in reprogramming. All the ageing work is in cells in a dish...
Small moleculeLongevityCaffeic acid phenethyl ester
Animal or lab only. Only animal or lab studies on this page. No study in people yet. 4 animal studies, 2 lab studies, no human study.1 reportednone citedNobody has published a study of CAPE itself in people. In mice, it did not extend lifespan at either dose by the NIA pro...
SupplementLongevityOSKM Cyclic Partial Reprogramming
Animal or lab only. Only animal or lab studies on this page. No study in people yet. 6 animal studies, no human study.5 reportednone citedAll four Yamanaka genes, switched on in short bursts. It made a mouse bred to age too fast live longer, not a normal mou...
BiologicLongevityProcyanidin C1
Animal or lab only. Only animal or lab studies on this page. No study in people yet. 2 animal studies, no human study.2 reportednone citedA grape seed compound that a 2021 paper said kills worn-out cells and helps old mice live longer. Since March 2026 the j...
SupplementLongevityVilon
Animal or lab only. Only animal or lab studies on this page. No study in people yet. 1 animal study, 1 lab study, no human study.6 reportednone citedA tiny lab-made peptide from Khavinson's group, studied for the immune system and ageing.
PeptideAnti-agingAstaxanthin
Animal or lab only. Only animal or lab studies on this page. No study in people yet. 2 animal studies, no human study.5 reportednone citedIt made male mice live longer once. When the same program tested it again at a different dose, it did nothing. In female...
SupplementAntioxidantProtandim
Animal or lab only. Only animal or lab studies on this page. No study in people yet. 1 animal study, no human study.5 reportednone citedA supplement brand that really did make male mice live longer in the US government testing program. Almost no supplement...
SupplementAntioxidantCardiogen
None. No study cited on this page yet. no study cited on this page yet.2 reportednone citedA lab-made peptide from Russian research, aimed at the heart and blood vessels as they age.
PeptideAnti-agingE5 Plasma Fraction
Animal or lab only. Only animal or lab studies on this page. No study in people yet. 4 animal studies, no human study.4 reportednone citedA cleaned-up part of the blood plasma of young pigs, given to old rats. It more than halved the tissue age of their bloo...
ProcedureLongevityPlatelet Factor 4
Animal or lab only. Only animal or lab studies on this page. No study in people yet. 3 animal studies, no human study.4 reportednone citedA protein released by the tiny cells that help blood clot. In 2023, three separate labs reported it restored memory in o...
BiologicLongevityRapamycin plus acarbose
Animal or lab only. Only animal or lab studies on this page. No study in people yet. 7 animal studies, no human study.5 reportednone citedNo person has taken these two together in any study. In mice started at 9 months, typical lifespan rose 28 percent in fe...
Small moleculeLongevityAnti-IL-11
Animal or lab only. Only animal or lab studies on this page. No study in people yet. 1 animal study, no human study.2 reportednone citedBlocking a single swelling signal made mice live longer and healthier. It worked even when started in mice that were alr...
BiologicLongevitySenolytic CAR T cells
Animal or lab only. Only animal or lab studies on this page. No study in people yet. 3 animal studies, no human study.none citedLiving immune cells, called T cells, engineered to find and kill worn-out 'zombie' cells by a marker on their surface ca...
BiologicImmuneThymulin
Animal or lab only. Only animal or lab studies on this page. No study in people yet. 1 animal study, no human study.1 reportednone citedA thymus hormone that needs zinc to work. It is studied for immune ageing, swelling and pain, mostly in the lab and in a...
PeptideImmune17-alpha-estradiol
Animal or lab only. Only animal or lab studies on this page. No study in people yet. 4 animal studies, no human study.4 reportednone citedIn male mice, it has made them live longer again and again, even at higher doses and even when started late in life. It...
HormoneLongevityCartalax
Animal or lab only. Only animal or lab studies on this page. No study in people yet. 4 lab studies, no human study.8 reportednone citedA tiny peptide, just three amino acids long, sold for joints. Almost all the research is on cells in a dish, done by the...
PeptideAnti-agingLivagen
Animal or lab only. Only animal or lab studies on this page. No study in people yet. 2 lab studies, no human study.4 reportednone citedLivagen is a four building block peptide from Khavinson's institute, sold for liver and gut health. All the work so far...
PeptideLongevityLOY-002
Animal or lab only. Only animal or lab studies on this page. No study in people yet. 2 animal studies, no human study.1 reportednone citedA daily pill for older dogs that could become the first drug the FDA approves to extend lifespan. The FDA accepted its s...
Small moleculeLongevityNDGA
Animal or lab only. Only animal or lab studies on this page. No study in people yet. 2 animal studies, no human study.4 reportednone citedIn male mice, it made them live longer at three different doses, and bigger doses did more. It never worked in females....
SupplementLongevityo-Vanillin
Animal or lab only. Only animal or lab studies on this page. No study in people yet. 1 animal study, 3 lab studies, no human study.none citedA natural cousin of vanillin, the vanilla smell chemical. It cleared worn-out 'zombie' cells from human spinal disc tiss...
Small moleculeAnti-agingTrigonelline
Animal or lab only. Only animal or lab studies on this page. No study in people yet. 1 animal study, no human study.2 reportednone citedTrigonelline is a natural compound in coffee and fenugreek that the body can turn into NAD+. It improved muscle function...
SupplementLongevity5-amino-1MQ with SLU-PP-332
Animal or lab only. Only animal or lab studies on this page. No study in people yet. 2 animal studies, no human study.7 reportednone citedA capsule mixing two research chemicals, usually 50 mg of 5-amino-1MQ with 0.25 mg of SLU-PP-332. That is 200 to 1 by we...
BlendMetabolicCMS-121
Animal or lab only. Only animal or lab studies on this page. No study in people yet. 2 animal studies, no human study.2 reportednone citedCMS-121 is a lab-made cousin of fisetin, from the Salk Institute. In mouse models of Alzheimer's it improved memory and...
Small moleculeNootropic & CNSDNSP-11
Animal or lab only. Only animal or lab studies on this page. No study in people yet. 4 animal studies, 1 lab study, no human study.2 reportednone citedA peptide of 11 amino acids cut from the parent form of GDNF. GDNF is a growth factor that failed to help Parkinson dise...
PeptideNootropic & CNSSenolytic vaccine (anti-GPNMB)
Animal or lab only. Only animal or lab studies on this page. No study in people yet. 3 animal studies, no human study.none citedA vaccine that trains the immune system to attack GPNMB, a protein found in high amounts on worn-out 'zombie' cells. In...
BiologicImmuneSLU-PP-332
Animal or lab only. Only animal or lab studies on this page. No study in people yet. 2 animal studies, no human study.8 reportednone citedAn experimental compound sold as exercise in a pill. It boosts how muscle burns fuel in mice. It has never been tested i...
Small moleculeMuscle & PerformanceSG1002
Animal or lab only. Only animal or lab studies on this page. No study in people yet. 1 animal study, no human study.1 reportednone citedNo results in people for ageing. Hydrogen sulfide is needed for eating less to extend life in several species, so a pill...
Small moleculeLongevitySS-20
Animal or lab only. Only animal or lab studies on this page. No study in people yet. 4 animal studies, 1 lab study, no human study.6 reportednone citedThe sister of SS-31, the peptide that became the approved drug elamipretide. SS-20 cannot mop up free radicals, the unst...
PeptideAntioxidant5-Amino-1MQ
Animal or lab only. Only animal or lab studies on this page. No study in people yet. 2 animal studies, no human study.6 reportednone citedAn experimental small molecule that blocks an enzyme linked to fat storage. It has only been studied in animals, and it...
Small moleculeMetabolicBAM15
Animal or lab only. Only animal or lab studies on this page. No study in people yet. 3 animal studies, no human study.2 reportednone citedBAM15 makes cells burn fuel as heat. In mice it reversed obesity and poor blood sugar control, with a wider safety margi...
Small moleculeMetabolicMelatonin
None. No study cited on this page yet. no study cited on this page yet.1 reportednone citedA 2013 review that pooled studies found melatonin had a small effect on sleep problems. No blood test sets your dose. Wh...
SupplementLongevityISRIB
Animal or lab only. Only animal or lab studies on this page. No study in people yet. 3 animal studies, 1 lab study, no human study.4 reportednone citedISRIB is not an approved medicine anywhere. No person has taken it in a registered study. In mice, it brought back lost...
Small moleculeAnti-agingMeclizine
Animal or lab only. Only animal or lab studies on this page. No study in people yet. 2 animal studies, no human study.6 reportednone citedA travel sickness pill you can buy without a prescription. It made male mice live longer in one round, then did nothing...
Small moleculeLongevityOvagen
Animal or lab only. Only animal or lab studies on this page. No study in people yet. 1 animal study, 1 lab study, no human study.7 reportednone citedSold as a liver and gut peptide, with the sequence Glu-Asp-Leu. A PubMed search for Ovagen finds 34 papers, and none is...
PeptideAnti-agingZinc
None. No study cited on this page yet. no study cited on this page yet.1 reportednone citedA mineral your body needs, with real evidence about shortage in people. High daily doses taken just in case are the prob...
SupplementLongevityReading on this goal
Dispatch 001: Five Retatrutide Phase 3 Trials Have Finished And None Has Posted Results
Five big retatrutide studies covering 6,415 people have finished collecting results, and none has shared them. A CagriSema against tirzepatide study finished in July at a low tirzepatide dose that suits the company paying for it. And a review that pooled 378 studies ranked what actually prevents diabetes.
Peptides for Longevity: What the Evidence Actually Shows in 2026
A full review of every peptide and related compound sold for aging: GLP-1 drugs, rapamycin, the growth hormone peptides, epitalon, thymalin, klotho, humanin, senolytics, SS-31, GHK-Cu, MOTS-c and FOXO4-DRI. What happened in people, what happened in animals and the legal status of each, in one table. Plain English.
Senolytics in 2026: Dasatinib plus Quercetin, Fisetin, and What Human Trials Have Shown
Every senolytic study in people that has reported as of September 2026: the fisetin studies (one failed, two still unfinished), foselutoclax in the eye, RLS-1496 on skin, and the small dasatinib plus quercetin tests in lung scarring and kidney disease. Plus why the capsules sold as senolytics have nothing to do with any of it. Plain English.
Peptides for Sleep: DSIP, Epitalon and Pinealon Against the Evidence
What the DSIP sleep studies from 1981 to 1992 actually found, why an FDA panel voted against DSIP (emideltide) and for Epitalon in July 2026, what one Russian lab's melatonin data can and cannot show, how growth hormone signals change deep sleep, and how it all compares with approved sleep drugs. Plain English.
Fasting worth reading alongside this
72-Hour Fast
Three days. This is the best-measured fast length in people, because doctors run supervised 72-hour fasts as a routine hospital test. It is also the only length with a muscle clean-up measurement, and that result is less clear than people usually say.
Fasting-Mimicking Diet
Five days of special low-calorie, low-protein food, built to copy a fasting state while you still eat. In the main study it lowered weight, body fat, waist size, the top blood pressure number and IGF-1. It did not change blood sugar, blood fats, cholesterol, LDL, HDL or an inflammation marker (CRP).
What the number counts, exactly
The number on each card is how many sources on that compound’s page are studies in people. It is counted the same simple way for all 453 compounds. You can check any of it by opening the profile and reading the list of sources. That is the whole point of showing a number at all.
It counts what we cite. It does not claim how much research exists. A compound with three studies in people here may have thirty in print, and the honest thing to say is that we have read and listed three. It is also not a quality score. Three small, loose studies count the same as three careful ones. So the groups tell you how much was measured in people, and the profile page tells you how well.