Heart and circulation
What has been shown to lower heart risk?
Heart studies count real events, like heart attacks, not just blood test numbers. That makes the evidence here unusually trustworthy when it exists.
69 compounds studied for this · 41 with a completed trial of a hundred people or more · 9 with no study in people at all
What has actually been measured here
This page lists the compounds studied for heart and circulation. These pages work the other way round. They take one goal at a time and list every compound by how many people it was measured in, most first. Each shows what the study found, and the trials that found nothing are counted.
Heart attacks and strokes
Does it prevent an actual heart attack?
Blood pressure
Does it move blood pressure?
Cholesterol and blood fats
Does it move cholesterol or triglycerides?
Kidney function
What does it do to the kidneys?
Strong and Moderate 41
At least one finished trial that gave the compound to a hundred people or more. That tells you how much has been measured. It does not tell you whether it will work for you. The math sits under every band.
Omega-3
Strong. At least two finished studies in people, and at least 1,000 people who took it. 3 completed trials, 34,050 people given it.4 reported5 citedTwo big heart studies of fish oil drugs came to opposite answers, and the dummy pill may be why. People with more omega-...
SupplementLongevityNattokinase
Strong. At least two finished studies in people, and at least 1,000 people who took it. 9 completed trials, 1,795 people given it.6 reported13 citedNattokinase is a clot-busting enzyme made when bacteria ferment soybeans into natto, a Japanese food. For a supplement,...
BiologicLongevityNiacin
Strong. At least two finished studies in people, and at least 1,000 people who took it. 2 completed trials, 29,087 people given it.7 reported5 citedThe only NAD-pathway product ever tested against real heart outcomes, in 25,673 people in HPS2-THRIVE and 3,414 in AIM-H...
SupplementLongevityCoQ10
Moderate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 2 completed trials, 162 people given it.4 reported3 citedOne strong study in people with serious heart failure cut major heart problems from 26% to 15%. For statin muscle pain,...
SupplementAntioxidantEmpagliflozin
Strong. At least two finished studies in people, and at least 1,000 people who took it. 3 completed trials, 16,738 people given it.4 reported4 citedA diabetes pill that also protects the heart and kidneys. Four big studies in more than 23,000 sick people found fewer d...
Small moleculeMetabolicANP
Moderate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 4 completed trials, 188 people given it.4 reported6 citedANP is a hormone the heart releases when its chambers stretch. It is why the heart counts as a hormone-making organ. A l...
PeptideHormoneBNP and nesiritide
Strong. At least two finished studies in people, and at least 1,000 people who took it. 3 completed trials, 7,149 people given it.4 reported6 citedBNP is a heart hormone with two lives. As a blood test, it is the standard way to check for heart failure. As a drug, it...
PeptideHormoneAngiotensin II
Moderate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 1 completed trial, 344 people given it.3 reported5 citedAngiotensin II is the body's main hormone for raising blood pressure. It is approved as a drip for shock, when blood pre...
PeptideHormoneEnlicitide
Strong. At least two finished studies in people, and at least 1,000 people who took it. 3 completed trials, 2,909 people given it.2 reported3 citedThe first PCSK9 cholesterol drug you can swallow. In 2,909 people it cut LDL cholesterol by 57 percent. Until now, drugs...
PeptideMetabolicRelaxin-2
Strong. At least two finished studies in people, and at least 1,000 people who took it. 2 completed trials, 7,706 people given it.5 reported3 citedThe pregnancy hormone that opens up blood flow. A drug version, serelaxin, was tested in 1,161 people with sudden heart...
PeptideHormoneSimvastatin
Strong. At least two finished studies in people, and at least 1,000 people who took it. 2 completed trials, 24,980 people given it.6 reported2 citedMixed into mouse food at two doses from 9 months of age, simvastatin did not change how long mice lived, in males or fem...
Small moleculeLongevityEnalapril
Strong. At least two finished studies in people, and at least 1,000 people who took it. 2 completed trials, 2,822 people given it.5 reported3 citedIn people, it is a blood pressure and heart failure drug with one of the deepest records in heart medicine for keeping s...
Small moleculeLongevitySemaglutide
Strong. At least two finished studies in people, and at least 1,000 people who took it. 12 completed trials, 42,363 people given it.10 reported15 citedA once a week shot for type 2 diabetes and weight loss. It is approved, and big studies show it also lowers the risk of...
PeptideMetabolicAlbiglutide
Strong. At least two finished studies in people, and at least 1,000 people who took it. 2 completed trials, 10,304 people given it.6 citedA once-a-week GLP-1 shot approved in 2014 and pulled from every market by 2018. In the 9,463 person Harmony Outcomes stu...
BiologicMetabolicLiraglutide
Strong. At least two finished studies in people, and at least 1,000 people who took it. 6 completed trials, 16,760 people given it.9 reported6 citedA once-a-day shot for type 2 diabetes and weight loss. It was the first drug of its kind approved for obesity, and it lo...
PeptideMetabolicVitamin D
Strong. At least two finished studies in people, and at least 1,000 people who took it. 2 completed trials, 25,871 people given it.4 reported5 citedThe most-tested supplement there is, and the big tests mostly came back empty. In a study of 25,871 adults, a daily vita...
SupplementLongevityDegarelix
Moderate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 2 completed trials, 610 people given it.3 reported3 citedA hormone blocker approved in 2008 for advanced prostate cancer. In its main study of 610 men, testosterone was down to...
PeptideHormoneCardiac glycosides
Moderate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 1 completed trial, 6,800 people given it.2 citedTwo 2019 papers said these heart drugs kill worn-out cells in a dish and in mice. Separately, digoxin was tested for hea...
Small moleculeLongevityDulaglutide
Strong. At least two finished studies in people, and at least 1,000 people who took it. 2 completed trials, 10,500 people given it.1 reported2 citedA once-a-week shot for type 2 diabetes. In a big study it lowered heart attacks and strokes.
BiologicMetabolicEfpeglenatide
Strong. At least two finished studies in people, and at least 1,000 people who took it. 2 completed trials, 4,076 people given it.3 reported2 citedAn experimental long-lasting GLP-1 drug that lowered heart and kidney problems in a large study. It is not broadly appro...
BiologicMetabolicMethotrexate
Strong. At least two finished studies in people, and at least 1,000 people who took it. 2 completed trials, 5,022 people given it.4 reported2 citedThe best test we have of whether calming long-term inflammation makes you live longer. In a big heart trial in people, i...
Small moleculeImmuneTestosterone
Moderate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 1 completed trial, 5,246 people given it.10 reported2 citedThe best-tested hormone on this site. A study of 5,246 men settled the heart safety question. A review that pooled 36 st...
HormoneHormoneElamipretide
Moderate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 5 completed trials, 487 people given it.6 reported5 citedApproved in 2025 for one rare genetic disease, Barth syndrome, on a result its own main study missed. In a large final-s...
PeptideAnti-agingErythropoietin
Strong. At least two finished studies in people, and at least 1,000 people who took it. 3 completed trials, 4,641 people given it.6 reported4 citedErythropoietin, or EPO, is the kidney hormone that tells your body to make red blood cells. It has been approved since 1...
BiologicHormoneMIB-626
Moderate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 4 completed trials, 107 people given it.1 reported4 citedThe only NMN product with a real set of studies in people: three studies with a dummy pill group, about 104 people in al...
SupplementLongevitySpermidine
Moderate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 2 completed trials, 130 people given it.4 reported4 citedA natural compound in foods like wheat germ and aged cheese that helps cells clean house. A year-long memory study found...
SupplementLongevityZoledronic acid
Strong. At least two finished studies in people, and at least 1,000 people who took it. 4 completed trials, 7,176 people given it.4 citedAn approved once-a-year bone drip with an odd, unexplained link to fewer deaths. In a study of people after a broken hip...
Small moleculeLongevityTaurine
Moderate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 1 completed trial, 120 people given it.5 reported3 citedA 2023 paper said falling taurine drives ageing. Two 2025 papers in people, one from the US government's own ageing inst...
SupplementLongevityVasopressin
Moderate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 1 completed trial, 778 people given it.3 reported2 citedThe natural hormone that makes you hold on to water. As a drug, it is FDA-approved to raise blood pressure in very sick...
PeptideHormoneBetaine
Moderate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 3 completed trials, 170 people given it.4 reported3 citedSix grams a day lowers fasting homocysteine by 20 percent in healthy adults. In the same studies it raises LDL, the bad...
SupplementMetabolicHydralazine
Strong. At least two finished studies in people, and at least 1,000 people who took it. 3 completed trials, 1,724 people given it.4 reported3 citedAn old blood pressure drug. In people, paired with a nitrate, it cut deaths in heart failure. It made worms live longer...
Small moleculeLongevityResveratrol
Moderate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 14 completed trials, 403 people given it.7 reported14 citedResveratrol is the grape and red wine compound behind the first big wave of anti-ageing research. It is one of the most...
SupplementLongevityThymosin Beta-4
Strong. At least two finished studies in people, and at least 1,000 people who took it. 5 completed trials, 1,382 people given it.9 reported8 citedA natural peptide in most cells that grabs actin. It is studied for wound healing, heart repair and eye problems. It is...
PeptideHealing & RecoveryHexarelin
Moderate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 6 completed trials, 105 people given it.7 reported7 citedA strong lab-made peptide that makes the body release growth hormone. It is also studied for direct effects that may pro...
PeptideGrowth HormoneEpitalon
Moderate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 5 completed trials, 266 people given it.6 reported6 citedA lab-made peptide based on a pineal gland extract. It has more human data than its reputation suggests, including 266 o...
PeptideAnti-agingIcatibant
Moderate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 5 completed trials, 306 people given it.4 reported5 citedIcatibant is a lab-made peptide that blocks bradykinin. It was approved in 2011 as a shot for sudden attacks of heredita...
PeptideHormoneBerberine
Moderate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 3 completed trials, 186 people given it.4 reported3 citedAcross 46 studies, berberine lowered average blood sugar (HbA1c) by 0.73 points. In a small head-to-head test, it lowere...
SupplementMetabolicLixisenatide
Strong. At least two finished studies in people, and at least 1,000 people who took it. 2 completed trials, 6,068 people given it.2 reported2 citedAn FDA-approved daily shot for type 2 diabetes in the GLP-1 family. It was also tested for heart protection.
PeptideMetabolicPioglitazone
Strong. At least two finished studies in people, and at least 1,000 people who took it. 2 completed trials, 9,114 people given it.5 reported2 citedAn approved diabetes drug with real heart and stroke data in people. In the 2026 mouse lifespan run, it was one of two c...
Small moleculeMetabolicRuxolitinib
Moderate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 1 completed trial, 309 people given it.2 citedAn approved drug that blocks two signalling enzymes, JAK1 and JAK2. In old mice it quieted the inflammatory signals from...
Small moleculeAnti-agingAICAR
Moderate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 1 completed trial, 3,080 people given it.5 reported1 citedAICAR was the first exercise in a pill, from a 2008 mouse paper. It switches on AMPK, and it has been banned in sport si...
Small moleculeMuscle & PerformanceLimited and Preliminary 19
Someone has been given it and a result was published, but in fewer than a hundred people. Or the studies in people only watched and never gave anybody anything. The math on each card says exactly how thin.
Angiotensin-(1-7)
Limited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 5 completed trials, 76 people given it.3 reported7 citedAngiotensin-(1-7) is the brake on the body's main blood pressure system. It is made from angiotensin II. It has been giv...
PeptideHormoneApelin
Limited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 3 completed trials, 68 people given it.3 reported6 citedApelin is a natural signal that widens arteries and makes the heart pump harder. That was shown with short drips in abou...
PeptideMetabolicBradykinin
Limited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 2 completed trials, 47 people given it.2 reported4 citedBradykinin is a small inflammation signal, not a treatment. It is the reason some blood pressure pills cause a cough and...
PeptideHormoneGalanin
Limited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 4 completed trials, 21 people given it.4 citedGalanin has been dripped into healthy volunteers since 1986, and every one of those studies measured a hormone or blood...
PeptideNootropic & CNSPterostilbene
Limited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 1 completed trial, 80 people given it.4 reported2 citedOne study in people: 80 adults with high cholesterol. At 250 mg a day, it lowered the top blood pressure number by 7.8 p...
SupplementLongevity25-Hydroxycholesterol
Preliminary. Studied in people, but no published study has had people take it. 1 human study where nobody was given it.2 reported1 citedA cholesterol byproduct your body makes itself. A 2025 study found it made old mice's main artery less stiff, about as m...
Small moleculeLongevityEpicatechin
Limited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 4 completed trials, 44 people given it.1 reported6 citedIn people, small studies of the pure compound found a small drop in fasting insulin at 100 mg a day and nothing at 25 mg...
SupplementLongevityAdiponectin
Preliminary. Studied in people, but no published study has had people take it. 3 human studies where nobody was given it.2 reported3 citedAdiponectin is a hormone your fat makes, and it falls as you gain fat. Many studies link low levels to diabetes. It has...
BiologicMetabolicBGE-102
Limited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 1 completed trial, none stating how many people.2 reported2 citedBioAge's daily pill that blocks NLRP3, a trigger of long-term inflammation. In an early study, a blood marker of inflamm...
Small moleculeLongevityNeurotensin
Limited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 1 completed trial, 6 people given it.2 citedNeurotensin is a small 13-building-block peptide your body makes. It eases pain in rodents. No human study has tested pa...
PeptideNootropic & CNSMagnesium
Limited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 1 completed trial, 46 people given it.4 reported1 citedIt lowers blood pressure by a real but small amount, about 2 points. The sleep evidence is three small studies in 151 pe...
SupplementLongevitySRT2104
Limited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 1 completed trial, none stating how many people.1 citedThe sirtuin drug that actually reached human trials against a dummy pill. It was built to succeed where resveratrol was...
Small moleculeLongevityHumanin
Limited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 1 completed trial, 30 people given it.6 reported5 citedA tiny peptide made from mitochondrial DNA. In people it has been watched, not given. It falls with age, runs high in th...
PeptideLongevity17-DMAG
Limited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 2 completed trials, 49 people given it.3 reported4 citedIn people, it was only ever given into a vein to about 80 people with advanced cancer, in early dose-finding studies. He...
Small moleculeLongevityClusterin
Preliminary. Studied in people, but no published study has had people take it. 2 human studies where nobody was given it, 1 registered with no result.4 reported3 citedA blood protein that goes up with exercise. In old mice and in mice with an Alzheimer-like illness, it calmed brain infl...
BiologicLongevityAcarbose
Preliminary. Studied in people, but no published study has had people take it. 2 human studies where nobody was given it.4 reported2 citedAn old, cheap diabetes pill that slows how fast starch turns into sugar. In people, a large heart study found no heart b...
Small moleculeLongevityFolate
Preliminary. Studied in people, but no published study has had people take it. 2 human studies where nobody was given it.2 reported2 citedB vitamins reliably lower homocysteine, an amino acid in the blood linked to heart disease. Two big trials, HOPE-2 and N...
SupplementMetabolicVitamin K2
Preliminary. Studied in people, but no published study has had people take it. 2 human studies where nobody was given it.1 reported2 citedThe K2 half of Aaron's vitamin D3 plus K2 pairing. In the Rotterdam Study, people who ate more K2 in their food had less...
SupplementLongevityRilmenidine
Preliminary. Studied in people, but no published study has had people take it. 1 human study where nobody was given it.1 reported1 citedA European blood pressure pill that makes tiny worms live longer. In mice, the results are worse than nothing. It did wh...
Small moleculeLongevityAnimal or lab only, and nothing measured 9
Studied in animals or in cells in a dish, or studied in people for something else entirely. Listed, not hidden, because knowing a thing has not been tested in a person is the useful part.
Bergamot
None. No study cited on this page yet. no study cited on this page yet.none citedFourteen small studies show big drops in blood fats, including LDL (bad) cholesterol down 55 mg/dL. That is a surprising...
SupplementMetabolicCardiogen
None. No study cited on this page yet. no study cited on this page yet.2 reportednone citedA lab-made peptide from Russian research, aimed at the heart and blood vessels as they age.
PeptideAnti-agingSenolytic vaccine (anti-GPNMB)
Animal or lab only. Only animal or lab studies on this page. No study in people yet. 3 animal studies, no human study.none citedA vaccine that trains the immune system to attack GPNMB, a protein found in high amounts on worn-out 'zombie' cells. In...
BiologicImmuneSG1002
Animal or lab only. Only animal or lab studies on this page. No study in people yet. 1 animal study, no human study.1 reportednone citedNo results in people for ageing. Hydrogen sulfide is needed for eating less to extend life in several species, so a pill...
Small moleculeLongevityPsyllium
None. No study cited on this page yet. no study cited on this page yet.2 reportednone citedA fiber that brought LDL cholesterol down when added to a diet, in a review that pooled 8 trials. That is a cholesterol...
SupplementMetabolicAc-SDKP
Animal or lab only. Only animal or lab studies on this page. No study in people yet. 1 animal study, no human study.2 reportednone citedAc-SDKP is the first four building blocks of thymosin beta-4. It is a natural peptide that fights scarring inside organs...
PeptideHealing & RecoveryDihexa
Animal or lab only. Only animal or lab studies on this page. No study in people yet. 1 animal study, no human study.8 reportednone citedAn experimental peptide made from angiotensin, a blood pressure hormone. In animals it was reported to be very strong at...
PeptideNootropic & CNSE5 Plasma Fraction
Animal or lab only. Only animal or lab studies on this page. No study in people yet. 4 animal studies, no human study.4 reportednone citedA cleaned-up part of the blood plasma of young pigs, given to old rats. It more than halved the tissue age of their bloo...
ProcedureLongevityTrodusquemine
Animal or lab only. Only animal or lab studies on this page. No study in people yet. 2 animal studies, no human study.4 reportednone citedTrodusquemine is a compound first found in dogfish sharks. It blocks an enzyme called PTP1B. It regrew heart tissue in z...
Small moleculeMetabolicWhat the number counts, exactly
The number on each card is how many sources on that compound’s page are studies in people. It is counted the same simple way for all 453 compounds. You can check any of it by opening the profile and reading the list of sources. That is the whole point of showing a number at all.
It counts what we cite. It does not claim how much research exists. A compound with three studies in people here may have thirty in print, and the honest thing to say is that we have read and listed three. It is also not a quality score. Three small, loose studies count the same as three careful ones. So the groups tell you how much was measured in people, and the profile page tells you how well.