Peptide finder

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Pick as many as you like. The number on each one is how many people it has been measured in across the whole archive. So you can see where the evidence is before you choose.

1. 01InsulinPeptideStrong. At least two finished studies in people, and at least 1,000 people who took it. 5 completed trials, 29,691 people given it.4 reported

   28,250 people4 studies

   • Giving long-acting insulin early did not protect the heart, and it did not cause cancer either. 12,537 people with heart risk factors and blood sugar problems got insulin glargine or usual care, then were followed for about six years. Heart outcomes came out the same. Blood sugar dropping dangerously low was about...

     New England Journal of Medicine, 2012 · 12,537 people

   • Two long-acting insulins protected the heart equally, and one caused fewer dangerous lows. 7,637 people with type 2 diabetes, most already with heart or kidney disease, got degludec or glargine without knowing which. Major heart events happened in 8.5 percent against 9.3 percent, close enough to call equal. Severe low...

     New England Journal of Medicine, 2017 · 7,637 people

   • The benefit of early tight control outlasted the control itself. 4,209 people from the original trial were followed for 10 more years. Within a year of the trial ending, blood sugar in the two groups had evened out. Ten years later the intensively treated group still had fewer diabetes complications, fewer heart...

     New England Journal of Medicine, 2008 · 4,209 people

2. 02TirzepatidePeptideStrong. At least two finished studies in people, and at least 1,000 people who took it. 9 completed trials, 22,802 people given it.11 reported

   18,111 people4 studies

   • Tirzepatide guarded the heart about as well as a drug already known to do it. More than 13,000 people with type 2 diabetes and hardened, narrowed arteries took either tirzepatide or dulaglutide. Heart attacks, strokes and deaths from heart disease happened to 12.2% of the tirzepatide group and 13.1% of the dulaglutide...

     New England Journal of Medicine, 2025 · 13,299 people

   • Tirzepatide controlled blood sugar better than insulin and caused far fewer dangerous sugar lows. 1,995 people with type 2 diabetes and raised heart risk were treated for a year, everyone knowing which drug they got. Average blood sugar over three months fell about 2.5 points on tirzepatide and 1.44 on insulin...

     The Lancet, 2021 · 1,995 people

   • Tirzepatide beat semaglutide head to head on blood sugar. Nearly 1,900 people with type 2 diabetes took one drug or the other for about nine months. Every tirzepatide dose brought average blood sugar down further than semaglutide did. People on the strongest tirzepatide dose also lost up to 5.5 kg more, which is about...

     New England Journal of Medicine, 2021 · 1,879 people

3. 03LiraglutidePeptideStrong. At least two finished studies in people, and at least 1,000 people who took it. 6 completed trials, 16,760 people given it.9 reported

   10,186 people2 studies

   • Liraglutide cut heart attacks, strokes and deaths from heart disease in people with diabetes. 9,340 adults with type 2 diabetes and a high risk of heart trouble got either liraglutide or a dummy injection, and were followed for close to four years. About one in eight fewer of those events happened on the drug. In...

     New England Journal of Medicine, 2016 · 9,340 people

   • Liraglutide took off a modest amount of weight in people with type 2 diabetes. 846 adults took the daily shot at one of two doses or a dummy one for 56 weeks. Nobody involved knew which. The higher dose took off 6.0% of body weight, the lower dose 4.7%, and the dummy 2.0%. A quarter of the people on the higher dose...

     JAMA, 2015 · 846 people

4. 04EmpagliflozinSmall moleculeStrong. At least two finished studies in people, and at least 1,000 people who took it. 3 completed trials, 16,738 people given it.4 reported

   7,020 people1 study1 found nothing

   • found nothingA diabetes drug that turned out to keep people alive. 7,020 people with type 2 diabetes and high heart risk took empagliflozin or a dummy for about three years. 12.1 percent of the dummy group had a heart attack, had a stroke, or died of heart disease. On empagliflozin, 10.5 percent did. Deaths from any cause were 8.3...

     New England Journal of Medicine, 2015 · 7,020 people

5. 05OrforglipronSmall moleculeStrong. At least two finished studies in people, and at least 1,000 people who took it. 8 completed trials, 17,383 people given it.8 reported

   4,273 people4 studies

   • Head to head against the rival pill, it controlled blood sugar better and was harder to put up with. 1,698 adults on metformin took orforglipron or oral semaglutide for a year. Average blood sugar fell further on orforglipron at both dose pairings. Tolerability went the other way every time. Roughly six in ten had...

     The Lancet, 2026 · 1,698 people

   • A pill in this drug class produced real weight loss in people with both obesity and type 2 diabetes. 1,613 adults took one of three doses or a dummy pill for about seventeen months. Weight fell by roughly 5, 7 and 10 percent as the dose rose, against about 2 percent on the dummy. More people quit for side effects on...

     The Lancet, 2026 · 1,613 people

   • It beat the rival pill on blood sugar and lost to it on side effects. 962 adults on metformin were sorted by chance to orforglipron or dapagliflozin for about ten months. Average blood sugar fell further on orforglipron at every dose. Stomach and bowel trouble was the price: roughly half that group had it, against one...

     The Lancet, 2026 · 962 people

6. 06TaspoglutidePeptideStrong. At least two finished studies in people, and at least 1,000 people who took it. 3 completed trials, 2,181 people given it.

   2,181 people3 studies

   • Taspoglutide controlled blood sugar better than exenatide and made far more people sick. 1,189 overweight adults with diabetes were split by chance across two taspoglutide doses or twice-daily exenatide for six months, and everybody knew which. Average blood sugar fell more on taspoglutide. Weight loss was no better....

     Diabetes Care, 2013 · 1,189 people

   • Taspoglutide beat sitagliptin on blood sugar and weight, and the safety picture ended the drug. 666 people on metformin were split by chance across two taspoglutide doses, sitagliptin, or a dummy, for six months. Nobody involved knew which. Blood sugar and weight both fell further on taspoglutide. Stomach trouble,...

     Diabetes Therapy, 2012 · 666 people

   • Taspoglutide lowered blood sugar well on top of two other diabetes drugs, and the side effects were brutal. 326 people were split by chance between two doses and a dummy for six months. Nobody involved knew which. Average blood sugar fell by well over a point against under half a point on the dummy, and most people...

     Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 2012 · 326 people

7. 07MazdutidePeptideStrong. At least two finished studies in people, and at least 1,000 people who took it. 5 completed trials, 2,372 people given it.7 reported

   1,301 people3 studies

   • Head to head against an established diabetes drug, mazdutide won on both blood sugar and weight. Seven hundred and thirty-one Chinese adults with type 2 diabetes were given mazdutide at one of two doses or dulaglutide for about seven months. Both mazdutide doses lowered average blood sugar more than dulaglutide did....

     Nature, 2026 · 731 people

   • Mazdutide on its own lowered blood sugar sharply in a late-stage Chinese trial. 320 people with type 2 diabetes took one of two doses or a dummy shot for 24 weeks. Average blood sugar over three months fell 1.57 points on the lower dose and 2.15 on the higher, against 0.14 on the dummy. Weight fell 5.61% and 7.81%,...

     Nature, 2026 · 320 people

   • Mazdutide beat a dummy shot on blood sugar and edged an older drug, in a short mid-stage trial. 250 Chinese adults with type 2 diabetes were treated for 20 weeks. Average blood sugar over three months fell between 1.41 and 1.67 points across mazdutide doses, against 1.35 on dulaglutide and no change at all on the...

     Diabetes Care, 2024 · 250 people

8. 08CagrilintidePeptideStrong. At least two finished studies in people, and at least 1,000 people who took it. 5 completed trials, 5,752 people given it.7 reported

   1,298 people2 studies

   • In a large late-stage trial the pair took off substantial weight and pulled most people's blood sugar into range. 1,206 adults with extra weight and type 2 diabetes took CagriSema or a dummy injection for about sixteen months. Body weight fell 13.7% on the drug and 3.4% on the dummy. Nearly three quarters got their...

     New England Journal of Medicine, 2025 · 1,206 people

   • Adding cagrilintide to semaglutide roughly doubled weight loss in a small early trial. 92 adults with type 2 diabetes took the pair, or semaglutide alone, or cagrilintide alone, for eight months. The pair took off 15.6% of body weight. Semaglutide alone took off 5.1% and cagrilintide alone 8.1%. This was an early...

     The Lancet, 2023 · 92 people

9. 09SemaglutidePeptideStrong. At least two finished studies in people, and at least 1,000 people who took it. 12 completed trials, 42,363 people given it.10 reported

   18,037 people2 studies

   • A single eye clinic reported far more cases of a sudden blinding optic nerve stroke among its semaglutide patients. Nobody was given anything. Researchers looked back through records at one specialist clinic for eye nerve problems, covering 16,827 patients. Over three years the condition appeared in 8.9% of...

     JAMA Ophthalmology, 2024 · 16,827 people

   • Semaglutide still worked when people also had diabetes, though the weight loss was smaller. About 1,200 adults with extra weight and type 2 diabetes got the weekly shot or a dummy one, and nobody involved knew which. After 68 weeks the drug group had lost about a tenth of their body weight and the dummy group about...

     The Lancet, 2021 · 1,210 people

10. 10CagriSemaPeptideStrong. At least two finished studies in people, and at least 1,000 people who took it. 3 completed trials, 4,954 people given it.8 reported

    1,206 people1 study

    • The same combination worked in people who also had type 2 diabetes, and it worked less well. 1,206 patients took it or a dummy for about 16 months. They lost close to 14 percent of their weight, against roughly 3 percent on the dummy. Weight drugs reliably do less in diabetes than outside it, and this is that pattern...

      New England Journal of Medicine, 2025 · 1,206 people

11. 11CotadutidePeptideStrong. At least two finished studies in people, and at least 1,000 people who took it. 6 completed trials, 1,221 people given it.

    1,147 people3 studies

    • Cotadutide lowered blood sugar and weight in people with diabetes, and it beat liraglutide on weight at the top dose. 834 adults on metformin were split by chance across three doses, a dummy, or liraglutide, for about a year. Blood sugar and weight both fell against the dummy. At the highest dose, liver enzymes and...

      Diabetes Care, 2021 · 834 people

    • Cotadutide sharply cut protein leaking into the urine in diabetic kidney disease. 248 people with type 2 diabetes and kidney damage were split by chance across three doses, a dummy, or semaglutide, for about six months. Protein in the urine fell by roughly half at the two higher doses, and the fall held. Serious side...

      Kidney International, 2024 · 248 people

    • An early trial showed cotadutide blunts the blood sugar spike after a meal, and takes off some weight. 65 adults with diabetes and extra weight took it daily for seven weeks, or a dummy. After meals, blood sugar rose about a fifth less, while it climbed on the dummy. Weight fell about three and a half percent, against...

      Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 2020 · 65 people

12. 12AlbiglutideBiologicStrong. At least two finished studies in people, and at least 1,000 people who took it. 2 completed trials, 10,304 people given it.

    841 people2 studies

    • In a head to head against liraglutide, albiglutide lost. 841 adults were split by chance between the two drugs for eight months, and everybody knew which they were on. Average blood sugar fell further on liraglutide. Albiglutide was meant to prove it was no worse, and it failed to prove that. Injection site reactions...

      Lancet Diabetes and Endocrinology, 2014 · 841 people

    • Albiglutide let most people drop their mealtime insulin without losing blood sugar control. 814 people on insulin were split by chance: one group swapped mealtime insulin for albiglutide, the other carried on. After six months blood sugar was the same in both. More than half on albiglutide stopped mealtime insulin...

      Diabetes Care, 2020 · number of people not given

13. 13RetatrutidePeptideStrong. At least two finished studies in people, and at least 1,000 people who took it. 5 completed trials, 1,345 people given it.8 reported

    818 people2 studies

    • This is the first full late-stage report for retatrutide, and it holds up. 537 people with type 2 diabetes not controlled by diet and exercise took the drug or a dummy shot for 40 weeks. Nobody involved knew which. Average blood sugar over three months fell between 1.69 and 1.94 points across the doses, against 0.81...

      The Lancet, 2026 · 537 people

    • Retatrutide lowered blood sugar and weight more than an older drug, in a mid-stage trial. 281 people with type 2 diabetes were split by chance between retatrutide, dulaglutide and a dummy shot, and nobody involved knew which. At the top dose, average blood sugar over three months fell about 2 points, against almost...

      The Lancet, 2023 · 281 people

14. 14AmylinPeptideModerate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 2 completed trials, 651 people given it.4 reported

    651 people1 study

    • It worked, and the benefit was modest. 651 people with type 1 diabetes took pramlintide with their insulin, or a dummy shot, for a year. Their average blood sugar over three months fell by about a third of a point. On the dummy it barely moved. Weight control also got better. A third of a point is a real difference...

      Diabetic Medicine, 2004 · 651 people

15. 15DulaglutideBiologicStrong. At least two finished studies in people, and at least 1,000 people who took it. 2 completed trials, 10,500 people given it.1 reported

    599 people1 study

    • A weekly shot matched a daily one for blood sugar control. 599 people with type 2 diabetes already on metformin took either weekly dulaglutide or daily liraglutide for six months. Average blood sugar over three months fell by about the same amount on each. The trial was built only to show the weekly drug was no worse,...

      The Lancet, 2014 · 599 people

16. 16PEG-loxenatidePeptideModerate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 4 completed trials, 590 people given it.

    590 people4 studies2 found nothing

    • On its own it lowered blood sugar clearly, and the higher dose brought more sickness. 361 Chinese patients whose blood sugar was not under control were split by chance to a dummy, 100 or 200 micrograms weekly for 24 weeks. Average blood sugar fell 1.02 and 1.34 points against 0.17 on the dummy. 34.7 and 46.6 percent...

      Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, 2021 · 361 people

    • Very high doses took off a lot of weight, and this trial cannot carry that. 123 enrolled at one centre and 105 finished, split by chance to 300 or 400 micrograms weekly or a dummy. Weight fell 16.34 kg and 21.14 kg against 6.75 kg. Side effects hit 36.11 percent on the high dose against 11.43 percent. Here is the...

      Frontiers in Endocrinology, 2026 · 123 people

    • found nothingIt matched the comparison drug on a urine marker, and no actual kidney outcome was measured. 106 people at one centre were assigned by chance and everybody knew what they were taking. 80 finished. Over 24 weeks, protein leaking into the urine fell 29.3 percent on PEG-loxenatide and 31.8 percent on dapagliflozin, a gap...

      Frontiers in Endocrinology, 2024 · 106 people

17. 17VisepegenatidePeptideModerate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 4 completed trials, 572 people given it.

    560 people3 studies1 found nothing

    • It lowered blood sugar in people newly treated for diabetes, and the weight number needs care. 273 adults who had never been treated were split evenly by chance to 150 micrograms weekly or a dummy for 24 weeks. Average blood sugar fell 1.36 points against 0.63. 50.4 percent got below 7.0 percent against 14.2 percent....

      The Lancet Regional Health Western Pacific, 2024 · 273 people

    • The middle dose beat the highest one, which is why the middle dose went forward. 251 Chinese patients who had never been treated got a dummy or 75, 150 or 200 micrograms weekly for 12 weeks. Average blood sugar over three months fell further than the dummy group by 0.72, 1.18 and 1.02 points. Nobody had a serious...

      Diabetologia, 2021 · 251 people

    • found nothingA mechanism study in 36 people, and the plainest measure of insulin resistance did not budge. The patients got 25 or 50 micrograms weekly, or twice-daily exenatide, for 12 weeks. Meal tests were used to model how the pancreas and body handled insulin. Both treatments improved pancreas function against each group's own...

      Frontiers in Pharmacology, 2023 · 36 people

18. 18PramlintidePeptideModerate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 3 completed trials, 684 people given it.

    480 people3 studies

    • Pramlintide improved blood sugar control in type 1 diabetes, and people lost weight instead of gaining it. Four hundred and eighty patients were treated alongside their insulin for a year. At three months, average blood sugar had fallen by 0.67 percentage points on the drug and 0.16 on a dummy injection. Severe low...

      Diabetes Care, 2002 · 480 people

    • In type 2 diabetes the benefit is real but small. Researchers pooled two long trials of overweight and obese patients who were already on insulin. After six months, the drug groups had about 0.41 percentage points lower average blood sugar than the dummy groups, and were 1.8 kg lighter. They also needed less insulin....

      Obesity Research, 2004 · number of people not given

    • This is the regulator's instruction sheet, not a study. It approves pramlintide only as an add on to insulin taken at meals, in both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. It carries the strongest warning the regulator issues, because combining it with insulin can drop blood sugar dangerously low. To manage that, the label tells...

      U.S. FDA (Drugs@FDA label), 2015 · number of people not given

19. 19SurvodutidePeptideStrong. At least two finished studies in people, and at least 1,000 people who took it. 5 completed trials, 2,034 people given it.7 reported

    413 people1 study

    • Against semaglutide, survodutide matched it on blood sugar, beat it on weight, and cost more in side effects. The trial put 413 people with type 2 diabetes on one of six survodutide doses, on semaglutide, or on a dummy injection for four months. Average blood sugar fell by about the same amount on both drugs. Weight...

      Diabetologia, 2024 · 413 people

20. 20MetforminSmall moleculeModerate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 3 completed trials, 489 people given it.6 reported

    3,629 people4 studies

    • The longest follow-up in people we have found no drop in deaths. 3234 adults at high risk of diabetes were given metformin, an intensive lifestyle program, or a dummy pill. After a median 21 years, 453 had died. Neither metformin nor lifestyle cut deaths from any cause, cancer or heart disease. Preventing diabetes and...

      Diabetes Care, 2021 · 3,234 people

    • This is the diabetes study that made metformin a first-choice drug, not a longevity study. 342 overweight adults with new type 2 diabetes took metformin, and 411 stayed on diet as the main plan. They were followed for a median of 10.7 years. Deaths from any cause were 36 percent lower on metformin. A second part of...

      Lancet, 1998 · 342 people

    • Metformin dulled the gains from exercise again, this time from cardio. 53 adults with an average age of 62 did 12 weeks of aerobic training, on either metformin or a dummy pill. The people on metformin improved less in fitness, and less in how well their bodies handled blood sugar. Training still helped them. It just...

      Aging Cell, 2019 · 53 people

21. 21ResveratrolSupplementModerate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 14 completed trials, 403 people given it.7 reported

    357 people8 studies7 found nothing

    • found nothingThe longest and largest diabetes trial of resveratrol found nothing that counted. 192 patients took 40 mg, 500 mg or a dummy pill every day for six months. An inflammation marker fell further on resveratrol, but not by enough to call real. Weight, waist, blood pressure, blood sugar, insulin and a string of other...

      Pharmacological Research, 2016 · 192 people

    • found nothingThe longest resveratrol trial found a small gain in thinking that has not been confirmed since. 125 women past menopause, aged 45 to 85, took 75 mg twice a day for a year and a dummy pill for another year. Their overall thinking scores came out better on resveratrol, though the gain was small. Blood flow in the brain,...

      Clinical Nutrition, 2021 · 125 people

    • found nothingA tiny dose improved insulin resistance in nineteen patients over four weeks. A marker of oxidative damage in the urine fell, and a signalling protein in the blood platelets rose. The insulin-making cells did not change. The odd thing here is the dose. It is a hundredth of what most good trials use, which is hard to...

      British Journal of Nutrition, 2011 · 19 people

22. 22MitoglitazoneSmall moleculeModerate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 2 completed trials, 385 people given it.1 reported

    712 people2 studies

    • It lowered blood sugar about as well as the older drug it was meant to improve on, with less water retention. 356 people with type 2 diabetes were split by chance between three doses of mitoglitazone, pioglitazone, or a dummy pill, for twelve weeks, and 258 finished. Fasting blood sugar fell about the same on both...

      Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 2013 · 356 people

    • This is the registry entry for the diabetes trial above. 356 people enrolled, it finished in December 2011, and results were posted in March 2013. The main thing it was built to measure was the change in fasting blood sugar at twelve weeks. The published paper describes what came of it. The company behind the drug,...

      ClinicalTrials.gov, 2013 · 356 people

23. 23ExenatidePeptideStrong. At least two finished studies in people, and at least 1,000 people who took it. 2 completed trials, 15,088 people given it.1 reported

    336 people1 study

    • Exenatide lowered blood sugar and took off a little weight in people already on metformin. 336 patients at 82 US clinics added exenatide or a dummy injection twice a day for seven months. Average blood sugar over three months fell about three quarters of a point on the higher dose and four tenths on the lower one. On...

      Diabetes Care, 2005 · 336 people

24. 24BofanglutidePeptideModerate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 5 completed trials, 750 people given it.4 reported

    272 people1 study

    • It matched semaglutide on blood sugar and cost people far more stomach trouble. 272 adults with type 2 diabetes at 37 Chinese hospitals took bofanglutide or semaglutide, and everybody knew which. By week 24 average blood sugar had fallen 1.87 to 2.32 points on bofanglutide, against 1.60 on semaglutide. Stomach side...

      Annals of Internal Medicine, 2026 · 272 people