Peptide finder

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Pick as many as you like. The number on each one is how many people it has been measured in across the whole archive. So you can see where the evidence is before you choose.

1. 01NiacinSupplementStrong. At least two finished studies in people, and at least 1,000 people who took it. 2 completed trials, 29,087 people given it.7 reported

   29,087 people2 studies

   • Niacin failed on top of a statin and it harmed people. 25,673 adults with vascular disease took niacin with laropiprant or a dummy pill for close to four years. Cholesterol numbers moved the right way. Major vascular events did not, at about 13 in every hundred in each group. Treatment caused extra diabetes, extra...

     New England Journal of Medicine, 2014 · 25,673 people

   • Niacin improved the blood numbers and did nothing for patients already on a statin. 3,414 people with established artery disease took slow release niacin or a dummy pill on top of their statin. Good cholesterol rose, triglycerides fell and bad cholesterol fell. Heart attacks, strokes and cardiac deaths came out...

     New England Journal of Medicine, 2011 · 3,414 people

2. 02SimvastatinSmall moleculeStrong. At least two finished studies in people, and at least 1,000 people who took it. 2 completed trials, 24,980 people given it.6 reported

   20,536 people1 study

   • The benefit held even in people whose cholesterol already looked normal. 20,536 UK adults aged 40 to 80 with clogged arteries or diabetes were split by chance. One group took 40 mg of simvastatin a day, the other took a dummy pill. 14.7 percent of the dummy group died of any cause, against 12.9 percent on the drug....

     Lancet, 2002 · 20,536 people

3. 03EnlicitidePeptideStrong. At least two finished studies in people, and at least 1,000 people who took it. 3 completed trials, 2,909 people given it.2 reported

   2,909 people1 study

   • A PCSK9 drug you swallow works, and until now this kind of drug needed a shot. 2,909 people took enlicitide pills or a dummy pill for a year. Their LDL cholesterol fell by about 57 percent, while the dummy group drifted up 3 percent. Other harmful blood fats improved too. This study measured cholesterol, not heart...

     New England Journal of Medicine, 2026 · 2,909 people

4. 04NattokinaseBiologicStrong. At least two finished studies in people, and at least 1,000 people who took it. 9 completed trials, 1,795 people given it.6 reported

   225 people2 studies1 found nothing

   • In a better built trial, nattokinase alone moved one blood fat and nothing else. 178 patients with stable heart disease, already on their usual medicines, took nattokinase, red yeast rice, both, or a dummy pill for 90 days. Nattokinase alone lowered LDL, the harmful cholesterol, compared with the dummy. Total...

     Frontiers in Nutrition, 2024 · 178 people

   • found nothingOn its own, nattokinase did nothing to cholesterol. 47 patients with high cholesterol took nattokinase alone, nattokinase with red yeast rice, or a dummy, for six months. The nattokinase-only group came out no different from the dummy. The combination improved every blood fat from the first month onwards. That...

     Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2009 · 47 people

5. 05ResveratrolSupplementModerate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 14 completed trials, 403 people given it.7 reported

   192 people1 study1 found nothing

   • found nothingThe longest and largest diabetes trial of resveratrol found nothing that counted. 192 patients took 40 mg, 500 mg or a dummy pill every day for six months. An inflammation marker fell further on resveratrol, but not by enough to call real. Weight, waist, blood pressure, blood sugar, insulin and a string of other...

     Pharmacological Research, 2016 · 192 people

6. 06BetaineSupplementModerate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 3 completed trials, 170 people given it.4 reported

   151 people1 study1 found nothing

   • found nothingBetaine lowers homocysteine and raises bad cholesterol at the same time. Blood fat results were pooled from four studies, three of them betaine trials covering 151 people. At 6 grams a day for six weeks, bad cholesterol rose by 0.36 units and triglycerides by 0.14. Lower doses raised bad cholesterol too, by less. The...

     PLoS Medicine, 2005 · 151 people

7. 07BerberineSupplementModerate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 3 completed trials, 186 people given it.4 reported

   116 people1 study

   • A larger diabetes study than the famous 36 person one. 116 adults with type 2 diabetes and high blood fats took 1 gram of berberine a day, or a dummy pill, for three months. Fasting sugar fell from 7.0 to 5.6. HbA1c fell from 7.5 to 6.6 percent. Triglycerides, total cholesterol and LDL fell too. It measured blood...

     Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 2008 · 116 people

8. 08CurcuminSupplementModerate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 3 completed trials, 195 people given it.5 reported

   100 people1 study

   • A high-absorption mix of curcumin and piperine improved blood fats in people who already had metabolic syndrome. 100 people took 1000 mg a day of the mix, or a dummy pill, for 8 weeks on top of usual care. LDL, triglycerides and total cholesterol fell, and HDL rose. This tested one specific form on blood fats. It is...

     Complementary Therapies in Medicine, 2014 · 100 people

9. 09PterostilbeneSupplementLimited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 1 completed trial, 80 people given it.4 reported

   80 people1 study

   • It pushed blood pressure down and bad cholesterol up. 80 adults with raised cholesterol took pterostilbene at 125 mg twice a day, at 50 mg twice a day, at 50 mg with grape extract, or a dummy, for 6 to 8 weeks. On pterostilbene alone, bad cholesterol rose 17.1 units. Adding grape extract removed that rise. On the high...

     Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2014 · 80 people

10. 10DanazolHormoneLimited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 3 completed trials, 63 people given it.5 reported

    36 people1 study

    • This is what danazol costs, measured in a different illness. 36 patients with acquired aplastic anaemia took danazol on its own, 10 mg per kilogram a day up to a cap of 600 mg. After six months, good cholesterol had fallen 30 percent and bad cholesterol had risen 11 percent. The size of the heart's main pumping...

      Blood Cells, Molecules and Diseases, 2025 · 36 people

11. 11PQQSupplementModerate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 3 completed trials, 116 people given it.5 reported

    29 people1 study1 found nothing

    • found nothingPQQ did not move triglycerides, which is what it was given for. 29 healthy Japanese adults aged 40 to 57 took 20 mg a day or a dummy for twelve weeks, and nobody involved knew which. Triglycerides came out unchanged. Bad cholesterol dipped slightly in the PQQ group, and dipped more in the few people whose level...

      Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology, 2015 · 29 people

12. 12DHEAHormoneModerate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 3 completed trials, 267 people given it.5 reported

    24 people1 study

    • In women whose adrenal glands make no DHEA, replacing it helped mood and sexual interest. 24 women took DHEA for four months and a dummy pill for four months. It is a study of people who lack the hormone, not of ageing.

      The New England Journal of Medicine, 1999 · 24 people

13. 13NMNSupplementLimited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 4 completed trials, 94 people given it.6 reported

    number of people not given1 study1 found nothing

    • found nothingA high dose NMN tablet raised NAD in the blood and moved weight and cholesterol, but not muscle. 30 overweight or obese adults took MIB-626, 1000 mg twice a day, or a dummy pill, for 28 days. Weight fell 1.9 kg. The lower blood pressure number and LDL cholesterol fell too. Strength, tiredness, fitness and stair...

      Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 2023 · number of people not given

14. 14CardarineSmall moleculePreliminary. Studied in people, but no published study has had people take it. 1 registered with no result.7 reported

    number of people not given1 study

    • The biggest human trial moved blood fats the right way, and the story still ends badly. 268 people with low good cholesterol took one of three doses or a dummy for 12 weeks. Good cholesterol rose by about a sixth, triglycerides fell by about the same, and another harmful cholesterol marker fell too. Twelve weeks is...

      Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology, 2012 · number of people not given

15. 15EpicatechinSupplementLimited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 4 completed trials, 44 people given it.1 reported

    number of people not given1 study1 found nothing

    • found nothingA food-sized dose of pure epicatechin did nothing. 48 overweight or obese non-smokers with features of metabolic syndrome took 25 mg a day for two weeks, and each took a dummy for two weeks as well, in turn. Nothing moved: not blood pressure, glucose, insulin, triglycerides, or any cholesterol measure. The authors...

      American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2018 · number of people not given

16. 16SRT2104Small moleculeLimited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 1 completed trial, none stating how many people.

    number of people not given1 study

    • The thing this trial set out to measure did not change. Twenty four otherwise healthy smokers took a purpose built sirtuin activating drug for four weeks and a dummy for four weeks, without knowing the order. Blood vessel function and platelet behaviour were no different on the drug. Cholesterol and triglycerides did...

      Journal of the American Heart Association, 2013 · number of people not given

17. 17MIB-626SupplementModerate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 4 completed trials, 107 people given it.1 reported

    number of people not given1 study1 found nothing

    • found nothingThe tablet moved some body measurements and left every measure of physical function untouched. 30 overweight or obese adults aged 45 and over took MIB-626 or a dummy tablet for four weeks. Weight fell by about two kilograms. Blood pressure and cholesterol both came down. Strength, stamina, how quickly muscles tired...

      Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 2023 · number of people not given

18. 18CJC-1295PeptideLimited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 2 completed trials, none stating how many people.9 reported

    11 people1 study

    • This looked at proteins in the blood, not at anything a person would notice. 11 healthy young men gave blood before a CJC-1295 injection and again a week later. Five protein spots shifted: two fell and three rose. That is a signal that something changed in the blood. It is not weight, muscle, strength, sleep or any...

      Growth Hormone and IGF Research, 2009 · 11 people

19. 19MCT oilSupplementModerate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 1 completed trial, 152 people given it.6 reported

    number of people not given0 studies

    • In mice. Five supplements were mixed into the food from 4 months of age, at three labs: resveratrol, green tea extract, curcumin, oxaloacetic acid and MCT oil. None of them changed how long male or female mice lived.

      Journals of Gerontology Series A, 2013 · number of people not given

20. 20EnobosarmSmall moleculeModerate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 1 completed trial, 159 people given it.5 reported

    number of people not given0 studies
21. 21Therapeutic Plasma ExchangeProcedureModerate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 5 completed trials, 389 people given it.6 reported

    number of people not given0 studies
22. 22OxandroloneHormonePreliminary. Studied in people, but no published study has had people take it. 1 human study where nobody was given it.5 reported

    number of people not given0 studies
23. 23TestosteroneHormoneModerate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 1 completed trial, 5,246 people given it.10 reported

    number of people not given0 studies
24. 24PsylliumSupplementNone. No study cited on this page yet. no study cited on this page yet.2 reported

    number of people not given0 studies

1. 01NattokinaseBiologicStrong. At least two finished studies in people, and at least 1,000 people who took it. 9 completed trials, 1,795 people given it.6 reported

   608 people4 studies1 found nothing

   • found nothingThe one long, careful, independent trial found nothing. 265 adults without heart disease took nattokinase or a dummy pill for a median of three years, with neck artery scans every six months. The artery wall thickened at the same rate in both groups. Stiffness, blood pressure, and every clotting, inflammation and...

     Clinical Hemorheology and Microcirculation, 2021 · 265 people

   • In a better built trial, nattokinase alone moved one blood fat and nothing else. 178 patients with stable heart disease, already on their usual medicines, took nattokinase, red yeast rice, both, or a dummy pill for 90 days. Nattokinase alone lowered LDL, the harmful cholesterol, compared with the dummy. Total...

     Frontiers in Nutrition, 2024 · 178 people

   • Nattokinase lowered blood pressure a little. 86 adults with borderline or mild high blood pressure took it or a dummy pill for eight weeks. The top number came down about 5 points more than on the dummy, and the bottom number by nearly 3. A hormone that helps set blood pressure fell at the same time, which fits. A few...

     Hypertension Research, 2008 · 86 people

2. 02PT-141PeptideStrong. At least two finished studies in people, and at least 1,000 people who took it. 4 completed trials, 2,355 people given it.9 reported

   397 people1 study

   • Bremelanotide raises blood pressure a little and slows the heart, for a short while after each shot. 397 premenopausal women wore blood pressure monitors around the clock. At the label dose the top blood pressure number ran about 3 mmHg higher than on the dummy in the four hours after the shot, with peaks usually...

     Journal of Hypertension, 2017 · 397 people

3. 03ResveratrolSupplementModerate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 14 completed trials, 403 people given it.7 reported

   213 people5 studies3 found nothing

   • found nothingThe longest and largest diabetes trial of resveratrol found nothing that counted. 192 patients took 40 mg, 500 mg or a dummy pill every day for six months. An inflammation marker fell further on resveratrol, but not by enough to call real. Weight, waist, blood pressure, blood sugar, insulin and a string of other...

     Pharmacological Research, 2016 · 192 people

   • This is the strongest good human result resveratrol has, and it rests on eleven men. Obese but otherwise healthy men took 150 mg a day for a month, and also spent a month on a dummy pill. Their resting metabolism slowed the way it does when people eat less. Liver fat, blood sugar, triglycerides, a liver enzyme and...

     Cell Metabolism, 2011 · 11 people

   • found nothingTen older adults took resveratrol for a month and their blood sugar after meals came down. The peak reading fell by about a tenth, the total sugar load over three hours fell, and their response to insulin improved. Fasting sugar, weight, blood pressure and cholesterol did not move. There was no comparison group, and...

     Journals of Gerontology Series A, 2012 · 10 people

4. 04ANPPeptideModerate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 4 completed trials, 188 people given it.4 reported

   184 people2 studies

   • Head to head against a water tablet called tolvaptan, this drug came off slightly worse. 109 people in hospital with heart failure got either tolvaptan or carperitide. Symptoms and a blood test for heart strain improved about equally on both. Blood pressure ran lower on carperitide. More people on carperitide had to...

     Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 2013 · 109 people

   • This looked for who passes more water on the drug, and found two blood tests that predict it. 75 people in hospital with heart failure got a low dose of carperitide through a drip for six hours. Those who started with lower levels of their own natriuretic hormone, and lower vasopressin, produced the most urine. Blood...

     ESC Heart Failure, 2022 · 75 people

5. 05TaurineSupplementModerate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 1 completed trial, 120 people given it.5 reported

   120 people1 study

   • Taurine can move blood pressure in people who are already on the high side of normal. 120 adults took 1.6 grams a day, or a dummy pill, for 12 weeks. The top number of their blood pressure, measured in the clinic, fell 7.2 points on taurine against 2.6 on the dummy. This is a blood pressure study, not an ageing study.

     Hypertension, 2016 · 120 people

6. 06PterostilbeneSupplementLimited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 1 completed trial, 80 people given it.4 reported

   80 people1 study

   • It pushed blood pressure down and bad cholesterol up. 80 adults with raised cholesterol took pterostilbene at 125 mg twice a day, at 50 mg twice a day, at 50 mg with grape extract, or a dummy, for 6 to 8 weeks. On pterostilbene alone, bad cholesterol rose 17.1 units. Adding grape extract removed that rise. On the high...

     Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2014 · 80 people

7. 07ElamipretidePeptideModerate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 5 completed trials, 487 people given it.6 reported

   71 people1 study1 found nothing

   • found nothingElamipretide was tested in failing hearts and it changed nothing. Seventy one people with a weak heart pump got a dummy injection or one of two elamipretide doses, daily for four weeks. Ultrasound scans of how much blood the heart held and how much it pushed out looked the same in all three groups. The trial was small...

     Journal of Cardiac Failure, 2020 · 71 people

8. 08MifepristoneSmall moleculeModerate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 2 completed trials, 320 people given it.4 reported

   50 people1 study

   • In Cushing's syndrome, where cortisol is the problem, blocking its receptor with mifepristone improved blood sugar, blood pressure and weight over six months. 50 adults took part, and there was no dummy pill group. Tiredness, nausea, headache and low potassium were common. This is the approved use, not a study of...

     The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 2012 · 50 people

9. 09EpicatechinSupplementLimited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 4 completed trials, 44 people given it.1 reported

   37 people2 studies2 found nothing

   • found nothingPure epicatechin did not improve blood vessel function, and the small insulin change is easy to over-read. 37 adults aged 40 to 80 with raised blood pressure took 100 mg a day for four weeks, and each also took a dummy for four weeks, in turn. Artery widening improved slightly, too little to separate from chance....

     American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2015 · 37 people

   • found nothingA food-sized dose of pure epicatechin did nothing. 48 overweight or obese non-smokers with features of metabolic syndrome took 25 mg a day for two weeks, and each took a dummy for two weeks as well, in turn. Nothing moved: not blood pressure, glucose, insulin, triglycerides, or any cholesterol measure. The authors...

     American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2018 · number of people not given

10. 10DanazolHormoneLimited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 3 completed trials, 63 people given it.5 reported

    36 people1 study

    • This is what danazol costs, measured in a different illness. 36 patients with acquired aplastic anaemia took danazol on its own, 10 mg per kilogram a day up to a cap of 600 mg. After six months, good cholesterol had fallen 30 percent and bad cholesterol had risen 11 percent. The size of the heart's main pumping...

      Blood Cells, Molecules and Diseases, 2025 · 36 people

11. 11ForskolinSupplementLimited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 2 completed trials, 53 people given it.5 reported

    23 people1 study1 found nothing

    • found nothingThe same supplement was tested in women and it did not work. 23 mildly overweight women took a 10 percent Coleus forskohlii extract twice a day or a dummy for 12 weeks, seven on the extract. Fat mass, lean mass and body fat percentage came out the same in both groups. Slight leanings toward less weight gain were too...

      Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 2005 · 23 people

12. 12GalaninPeptideLimited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 4 completed trials, 21 people given it.

    8 people2 studies1 found nothing

    • Galanin has a real effect on the body's automatic controls, and this is the study that shows it. Eight healthy young men were infused for an hour, or given salt water instead. On galanin, the stress chemical noradrenaline fell by more than half while they lay down, and barely rose when they stood up. Their resting...

      The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 1995 · 8 people

    • found nothingThe first time galanin was given to people, it set off a surge of growth hormone. Ten healthy volunteers were infused for an hour at one of two rates. Growth hormone climbed many times over, further at the higher rate. The hormone behind milk production rose a little. Stress and thyroid hormones did not move, and...

      The Lancet, 1986 · number of people not given

13. 13NMNSupplementLimited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 4 completed trials, 94 people given it.6 reported

    number of people not given1 study1 found nothing

    • found nothingA high dose NMN tablet raised NAD in the blood and moved weight and cholesterol, but not muscle. 30 overweight or obese adults took MIB-626, 1000 mg twice a day, or a dummy pill, for 28 days. Weight fell 1.9 kg. The lower blood pressure number and LDL cholesterol fell too. Strength, tiredness, fitness and stair...

      Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 2023 · number of people not given

14. 14VIPPeptideLimited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 1 completed trial, none stating how many people.2 reported

    number of people not given1 study

    • A small, early study in a serious lung condition, with everyone knowing what they were getting. People with high blood pressure in the lungs breathed in VIP. Pressures in the lung circuit improved and they could walk further. All of them were short of VIP to begin with, which is the best case there is for giving it...

      Journal of Clinical Investigation, 2003 · number of people not given

15. 15MIB-626SupplementModerate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 4 completed trials, 107 people given it.1 reported

    number of people not given1 study1 found nothing

    • found nothingThe tablet moved some body measurements and left every measure of physical function untouched. 30 overweight or obese adults aged 45 and over took MIB-626 or a dummy tablet for four weeks. Weight fell by about two kilograms. Blood pressure and cholesterol both came down. Strength, stamina, how quickly muscles tired...

      Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 2023 · number of people not given

16. 16Thymalin with epitalonBlendStrong. At least two finished studies in people, and at least 1,000 people who took it. 2 completed trials, 1,106 people given it.7 reported

    number of people not given1 study

    • This is the study the thymalin story rests on, and it is not built to carry that weight. 266 older people were followed for six to eight years, and given thymalin and epithalamin in the first two or three. Infections and deaths were reported at about half the rate of a comparison group, and several age-related...

      Neuro Endocrinology Letters, 2003 · number of people not given

17. 17ErythropoietinBiologicStrong. At least two finished studies in people, and at least 1,000 people who took it. 3 completed trials, 4,641 people given it.6 reported

    number of people not given1 study

    • The stroke harm was real and there is no way to screen for it. Researchers went through all 154 strokes in the earlier trial. Five in every hundred on darbepoetin had a stroke, against about two and a half on the dummy injection. Being assigned the drug predicted stroke on its own. It could not be explained away by...

      Circulation, 2011 · number of people not given

18. 18ClenbuterolSmall moleculeLimited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 2 completed trials, 11 people given it.5 reported

    7 people1 study1 found nothing

    • found nothingClenbuterol built leg muscle in heart failure patients and did nothing for their hearts. 7 people supported by a mechanical heart pump took rising oral doses for three months, up to a very high daily amount. Body weight and lean mass rose, and thigh strength improved from about 37 to about 46 kilograms of force. The...

      The Journal of Heart and Lung Transplantation, 2006 · 7 people

19. 19FOXO4-DRIPeptideLimited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 1 completed trial, 74 people given it.8 reported

    number of people not given0 studies

    • In mice and rats, this is the result that cuts the other way, and it is usually left out. In mice, clearing worn-out cells from lung blood vessels, with FOXO4-DRI among the tools, raised pressure in the lung circulation. It thickened the right side of the heart and stripped out lining cells the lung depends on. In...

      Circulation, 2023 · number of people not given

20. 20NavitoclaxSmall moleculeModerate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 2 completed trials, 137 people given it.2 reported

    number of people not given0 studies

    • In mice. Clearing worn-out cells, including with navitoclax, made high blood pressure in the lungs worse in several mouse models. That is a harm signal. It is listed here because the good results in animals get quoted all the time and this one does not.

      Circulation, 2023 · number of people not given

21. 21TesofensineSmall moleculeLimited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 1 completed trial, none stating how many people.8 reported

    number of people not given0 studies
22. 22HGH Fragment 176-191PeptideAnimal or lab only. Only animal or lab studies on this page. No study in people yet. 4 animal studies, no human study.5 reported

    number of people not given0 studies
23. 23HCGBiologicLimited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 2 completed trials, 55 people given it.8 reported

    number of people not given0 studies
24. 24Nicotinamide RibosideSupplementLimited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 4 completed trials, 90 people given it.5 reported

    number of people not given0 studies

1. 01SemaglutidePeptideStrong. At least two finished studies in people, and at least 1,000 people who took it. 12 completed trials, 42,363 people given it.10 reported

   27,254 people2 studies1 found nothing

   • This is about as strong as evidence for a drug gets. Everyone taking part already had heart disease and carried extra weight, and none of them had diabetes. Half were given semaglutide, half a dummy injection, and everyone was followed for a bit over three years. Heart attacks, strokes and deaths from heart disease...

     New England Journal of Medicine, 2023 · 17,604 people

   • found nothingThe pill form of semaglutide also cut heart attacks and strokes, by a modest amount. 9,650 people with type 2 diabetes at high risk took a daily 14 mg tablet or a dummy tablet for about four years. Heart attacks, strokes and cardiac deaths hit 12.0% on the drug and 13.8% on the dummy, about 18 fewer such events for...

     New England Journal of Medicine, 2025 · 9,650 people

2. 02EmpagliflozinSmall moleculeStrong. At least two finished studies in people, and at least 1,000 people who took it. 3 completed trials, 16,738 people given it.4 reported

   23,347 people4 studies1 found nothing

   • found nothingA diabetes drug that turned out to keep people alive. 7,020 people with type 2 diabetes and high heart risk took empagliflozin or a dummy for about three years. 12.1 percent of the dummy group had a heart attack, had a stroke, or died of heart disease. On empagliflozin, 10.5 percent did. Deaths from any cause were 8.3...

     New England Journal of Medicine, 2015 · 7,020 people

   • It slowed kidney disease down, and it did not stop people dying. 6,609 people with chronic kidney disease were followed for two years. Their kidney disease got worse, or they died of heart disease, in 16.9 percent of the dummy group against 13.1 percent on empagliflozin. Deaths from any cause were 5.1 percent against...

     New England Journal of Medicine, 2023 · 6,609 people

   • It helped the harder kind of heart failure, mostly by keeping people out of hospital. 5,988 people whose hearts still pumped reasonably well but who had heart failure symptoms were followed for a bit over two years. 17.1 percent of the dummy group died of heart disease or were admitted for heart failure. On...

     New England Journal of Medicine, 2021 · 5,988 people

3. 03TirzepatidePeptideStrong. At least two finished studies in people, and at least 1,000 people who took it. 9 completed trials, 22,802 people given it.11 reported

   16,025 people3 studies

   • Tirzepatide guarded the heart about as well as a drug already known to do it. More than 13,000 people with type 2 diabetes and hardened, narrowed arteries took either tirzepatide or dulaglutide. Heart attacks, strokes and deaths from heart disease happened to 12.2% of the tirzepatide group and 13.1% of the dulaglutide...

     New England Journal of Medicine, 2025 · 13,299 people

   • Tirzepatide controlled blood sugar better than insulin and caused far fewer dangerous sugar lows. 1,995 people with type 2 diabetes and raised heart risk were treated for a year, everyone knowing which drug they got. Average blood sugar over three months fell about 2.5 points on tirzepatide and 1.44 on insulin...

     The Lancet, 2021 · 1,995 people

   • Tirzepatide cut heart failure flare-ups in people with a stiff heart and obesity. 731 patients were followed for about two years on the drug or a dummy shot. Death from heart causes or worsening heart failure hit 9.9% on the drug and 15.3% on the dummy, about 54 fewer such events for every 1,000 people. Almost all of...

     New England Journal of Medicine, 2025 · 731 people

4. 04ExenatidePeptideStrong. At least two finished studies in people, and at least 1,000 people who took it. 2 completed trials, 15,088 people given it.1 reported

   14,752 people1 study1 found nothing

   • found nothingWeekly exenatide proved safe for the heart but did not clearly protect it. 14,752 people with type 2 diabetes took weekly exenatide or a dummy injection for a bit over three years. 11.4% of the treated group had a heart attack, had a stroke, or died of heart disease. On the dummy, 12.2% did. The gap leaned toward the...

     New England Journal of Medicine, 2017 · 14,752 people

5. 05DulaglutideBiologicStrong. At least two finished studies in people, and at least 1,000 people who took it. 2 completed trials, 10,500 people given it.1 reported

   9,901 people1 study

   • Dulaglutide lowered heart attacks and strokes, and most people in the trial had no heart disease to start with. 9,901 adults with type 2 diabetes took dulaglutide or a dummy injection for about five and a half years. 12.0% on the drug had a heart attack, had a stroke, or died of heart disease, against 13.4% on the...

     The Lancet, 2019 · 9,901 people

6. 06AlbiglutideBiologicStrong. At least two finished studies in people, and at least 1,000 people who took it. 2 completed trials, 10,304 people given it.

   9,463 people1 study

   • Albiglutide cut heart attacks, strokes and cardiac deaths in people with diabetes and heart disease. Nearly ten thousand adults across 28 countries were split by chance between the drug and a dummy injection, and followed for about a year and a half. Nobody involved knew which. Seven in a hundred on the drug had a...

     Lancet, 2018 · 9,463 people

7. 07LiraglutidePeptideStrong. At least two finished studies in people, and at least 1,000 people who took it. 6 completed trials, 16,760 people given it.9 reported

   9,340 people1 study

   • Liraglutide cut heart attacks, strokes and deaths from heart disease in people with diabetes. 9,340 adults with type 2 diabetes and a high risk of heart trouble got either liraglutide or a dummy injection, and were followed for close to four years. About one in eight fewer of those events happened on the drug. In...

     New England Journal of Medicine, 2016 · 9,340 people

8. 08PioglitazoneSmall moleculeStrong. At least two finished studies in people, and at least 1,000 people who took it. 2 completed trials, 9,114 people given it.5 reported

   9,114 people2 studies1 found nothing

   • found nothingThe big heart outcomes trial of pioglitazone in diabetes missed its main target. A wide measure of heart and artery events was not clearly lower. A narrower measure of deaths, heart attacks and strokes was lower. More people on the drug went to hospital with heart failure. These were people with diabetes and existing...

     The Lancet, 2005 · 5,238 people

   • In people with insulin resistance but no diabetes who had just had a stroke or a mini-stroke, pioglitazone lowered the chance of another stroke or a heart attack over about five years. It also halved new diabetes. It cost more weight gain, swelling and broken bones. Death rates were about the same.

     The New England Journal of Medicine, 2016 · 3,876 people

9. 09Relaxin-2PeptideStrong. At least two finished studies in people, and at least 1,000 people who took it. 2 completed trials, 7,706 people given it.5 reported

   7,706 people3 studies2 found nothing

   • found nothingThe big confirming trial was run and the drug failed it. 6,545 people admitted with sudden heart failure got the same two day drip or a dummy drip. Six months later the same share had died of heart causes in each group. Worsening heart failure in the first five days was no different. Deaths of any cause, readmissions...

     New England Journal of Medicine, 2019 · 6,545 people

   • found nothingSerelaxin eased breathlessness a little in people admitted with sudden heart failure, and changed nothing that matters more. 1,161 people got either a two day drip of the drug or a dummy drip soon after reaching hospital. Breathlessness scored better on one scale and no better on the other. Deaths from heart causes...

     The Lancet, 2013 · 1,161 people

   • Investigators went back through every death in the failed trial to work out why the earlier trial had looked promising, and found nothing to rescue it. By six months about one patient in nine had died, and heart failure caused nearly four in ten of those deaths. The drug changed no category of death. People aged 75...

     JACC: Heart Failure, 2020 · number of people not given

10. 10BNP and nesiritidePeptideStrong. At least two finished studies in people, and at least 1,000 people who took it. 3 completed trials, 7,149 people given it.4 reported

    7,141 people1 study

    • This is the study that settled it, and the drug failed. 7,141 people in hospital with heart failure got nesiritide or a dummy drip on top of usual care. Breathlessness improved a shade more on the drug, not enough to count. Death or return to hospital within 30 days came out the same. Kidneys were no worse, but low...

      New England Journal of Medicine, 2011 · 7,141 people

11. 11Cardiac glycosidesSmall moleculeModerate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 1 completed trial, 6,800 people given it.

    6,800 people1 study1 found nothing

    • found nothingDigoxin did not save lives, and it was tested well enough to say so. 6,800 people with weak hearts took digoxin or a dummy pill and were followed about three years on average. About the same share died in each group, roughly 35 percent either way. A study this big would have found a survival benefit if there was one....

      New England Journal of Medicine, 1997 · 6,800 people

12. 12LixisenatidePeptideStrong. At least two finished studies in people, and at least 1,000 people who took it. 2 completed trials, 6,068 people given it.2 reported

    6,068 people1 study

    • This drug was tested for heart protection and gave none. Just over six thousand people with type 2 diabetes who had recently had a heart attack or unstable chest pain took lixisenatide or a dummy injection. Heart attacks, strokes and deaths from heart disease happened at the same rate in both groups. The trial was...

      New England Journal of Medicine, 2015 · 6,068 people

13. 13InsulinPeptideStrong. At least two finished studies in people, and at least 1,000 people who took it. 5 completed trials, 29,691 people given it.4 reported

    5,650 people2 studies

    • The benefit of early tight control outlasted the control itself. 4,209 people from the original trial were followed for 10 more years. Within a year of the trial ending, blood sugar in the two groups had evened out. Ten years later the intensively treated group still had fewer diabetes complications, fewer heart...

      New England Journal of Medicine, 2008 · 4,209 people

    • Tight blood sugar control early on protected hearts for decades afterwards. 1,441 people with type 1 diabetes got either tight or standard insulin treatment for about six and a half years, then were simply followed. Over about 17 years, the tight group had roughly 42 percent fewer heart events of any kind. Heart...

      New England Journal of Medicine, 2005 · 1,441 people

14. 14TestosteroneHormoneModerate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 1 completed trial, 5,246 people given it.10 reported

    5,246 people1 study

    • Testosterone did not raise the risk of heart attacks or strokes in the men most likely to have one. More than 5,000 men aged 45 to 80 took part. All had low testosterone with symptoms, and all were already at risk of heart trouble. Half rubbed on a testosterone gel and half a dummy gel. After about three years, heart...

      New England Journal of Medicine, 2023 · 5,246 people

15. 15Testosterone cypionateHormoneModerate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 1 completed trial, 5,246 people given it.9 reported

    5,246 people1 study

    • The one large safety study found no extra heart attacks, strokes or heart deaths on testosterone. More than 5,000 men took part, all already at risk of heart trouble. It is here because it is the best safety proof any testosterone product has. Note what it tested. Men rubbed on a gel that doctors adjusted to a set...

      New England Journal of Medicine, 2023 · 5,246 people

16. 16SimvastatinSmall moleculeStrong. At least two finished studies in people, and at least 1,000 people who took it. 2 completed trials, 24,980 people given it.6 reported

    4,444 people1 study

    • Lowering cholesterol with a statin kept people alive, and this is the trial that showed it. 4,444 people who already had chest pain or a previous heart attack were split by chance into two groups. One took simvastatin, the other a dummy pill, and both were followed for over five years. By the end, 12 percent of the...

      Lancet, 1994 · 4,444 people

17. 17EfpeglenatideBiologicStrong. At least two finished studies in people, and at least 1,000 people who took it. 2 completed trials, 4,076 people given it.3 reported

    4,076 people1 study

    • This one did protect the heart. Just over four thousand people with type 2 diabetes and a high risk of heart trouble took efpeglenatide or a dummy injection. Heart attacks, strokes and deaths from heart disease happened about a quarter less often on the drug. Kidney problems were down by roughly a third. Two results...

      New England Journal of Medicine, 2021 · 4,076 people

18. 18ErythropoietinBiologicStrong. At least two finished studies in people, and at least 1,000 people who took it. 3 completed trials, 4,641 people given it.6 reported

    4,038 people2 studies

    • This drug did not extend life or save kidneys, and it doubled the risk of stroke. 4,038 people with type 2 diabetes, kidney disease and anaemia got darbepoetin alfa or a dummy shot, with rescue treatment if counts dropped too low. Death and heart events came out the same. Kidney failure came out the same. Strokes hit...

      New England Journal of Medicine, 2009 · 4,038 people

    • Pushing blood counts up to normal in kidney disease harmed people. 1,432 adults with long-term kidney disease were treated towards either a high or a lower blood count target, for about 16 months. Deaths, heart attacks, heart failure hospital stays and strokes were more common in the high target group, 125 events...

      New England Journal of Medicine, 2006 · number of people not given

19. 19AICARSmall moleculeModerate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 1 completed trial, 3,080 people given it.5 reported

    3,080 people1 study

    • It was tested properly, in thousands of patients, and it did not work. 3,080 people having heart bypass surgery got acadesine or a dummy at 300 hospitals. The trial was stopped early because it was going nowhere. Death, stroke or serious heart weakness hit about one in twenty people in each group. An earlier pooling...

      JAMA, 2012 · 3,080 people

20. 20EnalaprilSmall moleculeStrong. At least two finished studies in people, and at least 1,000 people who took it. 2 completed trials, 2,822 people given it.5 reported

    7,050 people3 studies1 found nothing

    • found nothingIn people with no symptoms, enalapril did not clearly save lives. 4,228 people with a weak pumping heart but no symptoms took enalapril or a dummy pill for about three years. 313 died on enalapril against 334 on the dummy pill, a gap small enough to be chance. A study this size would likely have found a real survival...

      New England Journal of Medicine, 1992 · 4,228 people

    • In people with symptoms, enalapril kept more of them alive. 2,569 patients with heart failure and a weak pumping heart took enalapril or a dummy for about three and a half years on average. 452 died on enalapril against 510 on the dummy, roughly a sixth fewer deaths. Hospital admissions for heart failure fell further...

      New England Journal of Medicine, 1991 · 2,569 people

    • This is one of the clearest survival gains ever shown for a pill. 253 patients with the worst kind of heart failure got enalapril or a dummy pill on top of their usual treatment, and nobody involved knew which. At six months, 26% of the enalapril group had died against 44% on the dummy pill. Every life saved came from...

      New England Journal of Medicine, 1987 · 253 people

21. 21Zoledronic acidSmall moleculeStrong. At least two finished studies in people, and at least 1,000 people who took it. 4 completed trials, 7,176 people given it.

    2,000 people1 study

    • Fewer heart attacks, cancers and deaths turned up on the bone drip, but this was a side look, not the question the trial asked. It re-counted the illnesses and harms recorded in the same two thousand women. Heart attacks fell from 39 women to 24. Cancers fell by about a third. Deaths leaned lower without being clearly...

      Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, 2020 · 2,000 people

22. 22HydralazineSmall moleculeStrong. At least two finished studies in people, and at least 1,000 people who took it. 3 completed trials, 1,724 people given it.4 reported

    1,724 people3 studies1 found nothing

    • In 1,050 Black patients with advanced heart failure, a fixed-dose pill of hydralazine and a nitrate, on top of modern treatment, cut deaths so clearly the trial was stopped early. 6.2% died on the pill against 10.2% on a dummy pill. Again a two-drug pill, in one specific group of people.

      The New England Journal of Medicine, 2004 · 1,050 people

    • Adding hydralazine plus a nitrate to standard heart failure treatment lowered deaths over two years in 642 men. At two years, 25.6% had died on the pair against 34.3% on a dummy pill. It was the first trial of a blood vessel relaxing drug to show people living longer. It is a two-drug result, not hydralazine alone.

      The New England Journal of Medicine, 1986 · 642 people

    • found nothingHydralazine on its own did not beat a dummy pill in heart failure. Exercise time improved in both groups, which is what a dummy pill can do, and nothing else moved. Thirty-two people, so a small no.

      American Heart Journal, 1982 · 32 people

23. 23SemaxPeptideModerate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 4 completed trials, 354 people given it.9 reported

    327 people3 studies

    • The largest semax study in people has nothing to compare itself against. Doctors treated 187 patients with poor blood flow to the brain and followed them over time. The authors report that symptoms improved, that decline slowed, and that fewer strokes and mini strokes happened. Everybody in the study got semax. There...

      Zhurnal Nevrologii i Psikhiatrii imeni S.S. Korsakova, 2005 · 187 people

    • This is the study the stroke claim leans on, and it was not built to prove anything. 110 people recovering from a stroke were given courses of Semax. A brain growth protein in their blood rose, and their scores for everyday tasks improved faster. There was no dummy treatment to compare against, and nobody was kept in...

      Zhurnal Nevrologii i Psikhiatrii imeni S.S. Korsakova, 2018 · 110 people

    • This is a real study in real stroke patients, and its design cannot size the effect. Thirty people were given semax in the first days after a stroke, alongside their usual hospital care. Eighty others with strokes of similar severity got the usual care alone. Nobody was picked by chance, and nobody was kept in the...

      Zhurnal Nevrologii i Psikhiatrii imeni S.S. Korsakova, 1997 · 30 people

24. 24TrametinibSmall moleculeStrong. At least two finished studies in people, and at least 1,000 people who took it. 2 completed trials, 1,192 people given it.

    322 people1 study

    • In advanced melanoma with a BRAF mutation, trametinib on its own held the cancer back longer than chemotherapy and more people were alive at six months. Rash, diarrhoea and swelling were the common side effects. This is the trial that led to its approval as a single drug.

      The New England Journal of Medicine, 2012 · 322 people

1. 01SemaglutidePeptideStrong. At least two finished studies in people, and at least 1,000 people who took it. 12 completed trials, 42,363 people given it.10 reported

   13,183 people2 studies1 found nothing

   • found nothingThe pill form of semaglutide also cut heart attacks and strokes, by a modest amount. 9,650 people with type 2 diabetes at high risk took a daily 14 mg tablet or a dummy tablet for about four years. Heart attacks, strokes and cardiac deaths hit 12.0% on the drug and 13.8% on the dummy, about 18 fewer such events for...

     New England Journal of Medicine, 2025 · 9,650 people

   • Semaglutide protected the kidneys well enough that the trial was stopped early. 3,533 people with type 2 diabetes and kidney disease got the drug or a dummy shot, and nobody involved knew which. Major kidney events, meaning kidney failure, a large drop in kidney function or death from kidney or heart causes, hit 331...

     New England Journal of Medicine, 2024 · 3,533 people

2. 02InsulinPeptideStrong. At least two finished studies in people, and at least 1,000 people who took it. 5 completed trials, 29,691 people given it.4 reported

   7,637 people1 study

   • Two long-acting insulins protected the heart equally, and one caused fewer dangerous lows. 7,637 people with type 2 diabetes, most already with heart or kidney disease, got degludec or glargine without knowing which. Major heart events happened in 8.5 percent against 9.3 percent, close enough to call equal. Severe low...

     New England Journal of Medicine, 2017 · 7,637 people

3. 03BNP and nesiritidePeptideStrong. At least two finished studies in people, and at least 1,000 people who took it. 3 completed trials, 7,149 people given it.4 reported

   7,146 people2 studies1 found nothing

   • This is the study that settled it, and the drug failed. 7,141 people in hospital with heart failure got nesiritide or a dummy drip on top of usual care. Breathlessness improved a shade more on the drug, not enough to count. Death or return to hospital within 30 days came out the same. Kidneys were no worse, but low...

     New England Journal of Medicine, 2011 · 7,141 people

   • found nothingSmall studies said the drug damaged kidneys, and the large one later said it did not. Five small studies covering 1,269 patients were pooled. Kidney function got worse about half as often again on nesiritide as on other treatment. Nobody needed dialysis more often. The 7,141 person study that followed found no extra...

     Circulation, 2005 · 5 people

4. 04ErythropoietinBiologicStrong. At least two finished studies in people, and at least 1,000 people who took it. 3 completed trials, 4,641 people given it.6 reported

   4,641 people2 studies

   • This drug did not extend life or save kidneys, and it doubled the risk of stroke. 4,038 people with type 2 diabetes, kidney disease and anaemia got darbepoetin alfa or a dummy shot, with rescue treatment if counts dropped too low. Death and heart events came out the same. Kidney failure came out the same. Strokes hit...

     New England Journal of Medicine, 2009 · 4,038 people

   • Aiming for a normal blood count did not help, and more of those patients ended up on dialysis. 603 people with failing kidneys were treated towards a normal or a lower blood count target and followed for three years. Heart events came out about the same, 58 against 47, a gap that could be chance. More people in the...

     New England Journal of Medicine, 2006 · 603 people

5. 05EfpeglenatideBiologicStrong. At least two finished studies in people, and at least 1,000 people who took it. 2 completed trials, 4,076 people given it.3 reported

   4,076 people1 study

   • This one did protect the heart. Just over four thousand people with type 2 diabetes and a high risk of heart trouble took efpeglenatide or a dummy injection. Heart attacks, strokes and deaths from heart disease happened about a quarter less often on the drug. Kidney problems were down by roughly a third. Two results...

     New England Journal of Medicine, 2021 · 4,076 people

6. 06BPTESSmall moleculeModerate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 2 completed trials, 513 people given it.1 reported

   444 people1 study

   • The only proper test of blocking this enzyme in people found nothing. 444 adults with advanced kidney cancer got telaglenastat plus the cancer drug cabozantinib, or a dummy pill plus cabozantinib. Both groups went about 9.2 and 9.3 months before their cancer grew again. That is the same result twice. Telaglenastat is...

     JAMA Oncology, 2022 · 444 people

7. 07CotadutidePeptideStrong. At least two finished studies in people, and at least 1,000 people who took it. 6 completed trials, 1,221 people given it.

   248 people1 study

   • Cotadutide sharply cut protein leaking into the urine in diabetic kidney disease. 248 people with type 2 diabetes and kidney damage were split by chance across three doses, a dummy, or semaglutide, for about six months. Protein in the urine fell by roughly half at the two higher doses, and the fall held. Serious side...

     Kidney International, 2024 · 248 people

8. 08NicotinamideSupplementModerate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 4 completed trials, 591 people given it.2 reported

   205 people1 study1 found nothing

   • found nothingNicotinamide did not do what this kidney trial asked of it. 205 people with fairly advanced kidney disease took nicotinamide, a phosphate binder, both, or two dummy pills for a year. Neither drug meaningfully lowered blood phosphate or the hormone that tracks with it, which were the two things the trial was built to...

     Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, 2019 · 205 people

9. 09PEG-loxenatidePeptideModerate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 4 completed trials, 590 people given it.

   106 people1 study1 found nothing

   • found nothingIt matched the comparison drug on a urine marker, and no actual kidney outcome was measured. 106 people at one centre were assigned by chance and everybody knew what they were taking. 80 finished. Over 24 weeks, protein leaking into the urine fell 29.3 percent on PEG-loxenatide and 31.8 percent on dapagliflozin, a gap...

     Frontiers in Endocrinology, 2024 · 106 people

10. 10ANPPeptideModerate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 4 completed trials, 188 people given it.4 reported

    75 people1 study

    • This looked for who passes more water on the drug, and found two blood tests that predict it. 75 people in hospital with heart failure got a low dose of carperitide through a drip for six hours. Those who started with lower levels of their own natriuretic hormone, and lower vasopressin, produced the most urine. Blood...

      ESC Heart Failure, 2022 · 75 people

11. 11NattokinaseBiologicStrong. At least two finished studies in people, and at least 1,000 people who took it. 9 completed trials, 1,795 people given it.6 reported

    45 people1 study1 found nothing

    • found nothingThree clotting proteins fell, and there was nothing to compare them against. 45 people, some healthy, some at risk of heart disease and some on dialysis, took a high daily dose for two months. Two of the proteins fell by up to about a tenth, and the third by nearly a fifth. Everyone got the supplement and knew it, so...

      Nutrition Research, 2009 · 45 people

12. 12MIB-626SupplementModerate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 4 completed trials, 107 people given it.1 reported

    42 people1 study1 found nothing

    • found nothingThe tablet raised NAD in very sick patients and made no difference to them. 42 adults in hospital with COVID-19 and sudden kidney injury took MIB-626 or dummy tablets twice a day for two weeks. NAD in the blood roughly doubled by the end. Kidney blood tests came out the same in both groups. So did inflammation markers...

      FASEB BioAdvances, 2025 · 42 people

13. 13NRPTSupplementModerate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 3 completed trials, 176 people given it.3 reported

    24 people1 study1 found nothing

    • found nothingThe pills raised NAD in patients with sudden kidney injury, and nothing about their kidneys changed. 24 hospital patients took rising doses of the combination or a dummy for two days. The kidney injury itself halved NAD in the untreated patients, which is a finding in its own right. Pooled across doses the supplement...

      BMC Nephrology, 2020 · 24 people

14. 14BPC-157PeptideLimited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 3 completed trials, 31 people given it.10 reported

    2 people1 study1 found nothing

    • found nothingA study this small cannot show that anything is safe. Two healthy adults were given BPC-157 into a vein, 10 mg on the first day and 20 mg on the second. Neither reported side effects, and blood tests covering the heart, liver, kidneys, thyroid and blood sugar did not shift. That is worth knowing, and it is all it is....

      Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine, 2025 · 2 people

15. 15EcdysteroneSupplementModerate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 3 completed trials, 233 people given it.5 reported

    number of people not given1 study

    • In a study in people, those taking ecdysterone gained more muscle than the comparison group and lifted more on the bench press. Blood tests for liver and kidney damage did not rise. The researchers checked everyone for banned drugs and tested the supplement for hidden steroids first. They said it should go on the...

      Archives of Toxicology, 2019 · number of people not given

16. 16Nandrolone decanoateHormoneLimited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 3 completed trials, none stating how many people.6 reported

    number of people not given1 study

    • Nandrolone built real muscle in people on dialysis, in a small but well-run study. 29 adults on long-term dialysis got the drug or a dummy shot for six months. Lean body mass rose about 4.5 kg on nandrolone against 1.9 kg on the dummy shot. Treated patients also walked and climbed stairs faster, while the dummy group...

      JAMA, 1999 · number of people not given

17. 17GDF15BiologicModerate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 2 completed trials, 313 people given it.3 reported

    53,026 people1 study

    • GDF15 tracks with getting sick in general, not with any one disease. Researchers measured thousands of blood proteins in 53,026 UK adults and followed them for over 13 years. Higher GDF15 went with later diagnosis of more than twenty different long-term illnesses, and with having several at once. Much of the level was...

      Metabolism, 2025 · 53,026 people

18. 18RetatrutidePeptideStrong. At least two finished studies in people, and at least 1,000 people who took it. 5 completed trials, 1,345 people given it.8 reported

    10,000 people1 study

    • Nothing is known about what retatrutide does to heart attacks, strokes or kidney failure. This is the only trial built to find out, and it is still running. 10,000 people with extra weight and either heart or kidney disease are enrolled, and the first results are not due until February 2029. Everything published so...

      ClinicalTrials.gov NCT06383390 (TRIUMPH-Outcomes), Eli Lilly, 2026 · 10,000 people

19. 19EmpagliflozinSmall moleculeStrong. At least two finished studies in people, and at least 1,000 people who took it. 3 completed trials, 16,738 people given it.4 reported

    6,609 people1 study

    • It slowed kidney disease down, and it did not stop people dying. 6,609 people with chronic kidney disease were followed for two years. Their kidney disease got worse, or they died of heart disease, in 16.9 percent of the dummy group against 13.1 percent on empagliflozin. Deaths from any cause were 5.1 percent against...

      New England Journal of Medicine, 2023 · 6,609 people

20. 20VasopressinPeptideModerate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 1 completed trial, 778 people given it.3 reported

    409 people1 study1 found nothing

    • found nothingStarting vasopressin early did not protect the kidneys. Four hundred and nine people in septic shock were given it first, instead of the usual drug. The number of days they spent free of kidney failure was no better. Fewer of them ended up on dialysis, which is a real difference but a lesser one, and it was not what...

      JAMA, 2016 · 409 people

21. 21PterostilbeneSupplementLimited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 1 completed trial, 80 people given it.4 reported

    80 people1 study

    • This is a safety report and it makes no claim that the compound works. It covers the same 80 patients, of whom 91.3 percent finished, averaging 54 years old and 71 percent women. Liver, kidney and blood sugar markers showed no drug reactions, and no meaningful self-reported or major reactions turned up. The authors...

      Journal of Toxicology, 2013 · 80 people

22. 22TIMP2BiologicPreliminary. Studied in people, but no published study has had people take it. 1 human study where nobody was given it.4 reported

    number of people not given1 study

    • This is the biggest body of human TIMP-2 data, and none of it is about ageing. Two observational studies followed critically ill adults: 522 people in the first, with over 300 markers checked, and 728 in a second group to confirm the result. A urine test combining TIMP-2 with another marker spotted serious kidney...

      Critical Care, 2013 · number of people not given

23. 23AdipotidePeptideAnimal or lab only. Only animal or lab studies on this page. No study in people yet. 2 animal studies, no human study.6 reported

    number of people not given0 studies

    • In obese rhesus monkeys, adipotide killed off blood vessels in white fat. They lost 7.4 to 14.7% of their weight in four weeks and handled insulin better. Kidney changes grew with the dose and went away after stopping.

      Science Translational Medicine, 2011 · number of people not given

24. 24FOXO4-DRIPeptideLimited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 1 completed trial, 74 people given it.8 reported

    number of people not given0 studies

    • In mice. The peptide made worn-out cells die. It brought back fitness, fur and kidney function in mice that age fast and in naturally old mice.

      Cell, 2017 · number of people not given