Peptide finder

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Pick as many as you like. The number on each one is how many people it has been measured in across the whole archive. So you can see where the evidence is before you choose.

1. 01SemaglutidePeptideStrong. At least two finished studies in people, and at least 1,000 people who took it. 12 completed trials, 42,363 people given it.10 reported

   3,808 people1 study

   • Semaglutide was tested properly in Alzheimer's disease and it did not work. Nearly four thousand people whose early Alzheimer's had been confirmed by an amyloid test took a daily semaglutide pill or a dummy pill for two years. Nobody involved knew which. Memory and daily function slipped at the same rate in both...

     The Lancet, 2026 · 3,808 people

2. 02MinocyclineSmall moleculeModerate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 2 completed trials, 966 people given it.

   554 people1 study

   • Tested properly in mild Alzheimer's disease, and it did nothing. 554 people at 32 UK memory clinics were assigned by chance to 400 mg of minocycline, 200 mg, or a dummy pill for two years. Thinking scores fell by roughly four points in every group. Day to day function worsened at the same rate as well. A trial this...

     JAMA Neurology, 2020 · 554 people

3. 03IdebenoneSupplementModerate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 5 completed trials, 732 people given it.

   536 people1 study1 found nothing

   • found nothingIdebenone was tested properly as a brain drug and it did nothing. 536 people with probable Alzheimer's disease took one of three doses or a dummy pill for a year, and nobody involved knew which. Neither of the two main measures, thinking ability and overall clinical change, separated the groups. Nothing else measured...

     Neurology, 2003 · 536 people

4. 04CerebrolysinPeptideStrong. At least two finished studies in people, and at least 1,000 people who took it. 3 completed trials, 1,591 people given it.8 reported

   521 people2 studies

   • The lowest dose helped thinking and the higher doses did not, which is hard to explain. 279 patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer's got one of three doses or a dummy drip for 24 weeks, and nobody involved knew which. Only the smallest dose improved scores on the standard cognition test. The two larger doses did...

     European Journal of Neurology, 2006 · 279 people

   • Cerebrolysin improved thinking scores in vascular dementia, on evidence later graded very weak. 242 patients took it as a drip on top of aspirin for 24 weeks, and nobody involved knew who got the real thing. Scores on the standard cognition test improved by 10.6 points against 4.4 on the dummy. A doctor's overall...

     Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases, 2011 · 242 people

5. 05Therapeutic Plasma ExchangeProcedureModerate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 5 completed trials, 389 people given it.6 reported

   347 people2 studies1 found nothing

   • found nothingPlasma exchange slowed decline in Alzheimer disease, and the company that makes the albumin paid for the trial. 347 people were split by chance between three plasma exchange schedules and a sham procedure. Treatment ran weekly for six weeks, then monthly for a year. At 14 months, treated patients lost about half as...

     Alzheimer's and Dementia, 2020 · 347 people

   • The extra measures from AMBAR moved in the same direction as the main ones. All 347 people in the trial were assessed on memory, language, mood and quality of life alongside the main scores. People with mild disease improved on word fluency and on how quickly they processed information. People with moderate disease...

     Alzheimer's and Dementia, 2022 · number of people not given

6. 06OxytocinPeptideModerate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 2 completed trials, 290 people given it.5 reported

   290 people1 study1 found nothing

   • found nothingOxytocin nasal spray was tested properly in autism and it did not work. Two hundred and ninety children and teenagers used the spray or a dummy every day for about six months, and nobody involved knew which. Social withdrawal, the thing the trial was built to move, was no better on oxytocin. Nothing else measured came...

     New England Journal of Medicine, 2021 · 290 people

7. 07TesamorelinPeptideStrong. At least two finished studies in people, and at least 1,000 people who took it. 8 completed trials, 1,729 people given it.10 reported

   152 people1 study

   • Thinking scores edged up, and this was one modest trial. 152 adults aged 55 to 87 took tesamorelin or a dummy injection daily for about five months. Sixty six of them already had mild memory problems. The drug group did a little better at tests of planning and mental flexibility, by enough to separate from chance....

     Archives of Neurology, 2012 · 152 people

8. 08MCT oilSupplementModerate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 1 completed trial, 152 people given it.6 reported

   152 people1 study

   • It helped, and mostly in people without one particular gene. 152 people with Alzheimer's disease took AC-1202 or a dummy for 90 days. Thinking scores were 1.9 points better than the dummy group at day 45. In the 55 people without the APOE4 gene, the gap was 4.77 points at day 45 and 3.36 at day 90. Stomach upsets were...

     Nutrition and Metabolism, 2009 · 152 people

9. 09Tesamorelin / IpamorelinBlendStrong. At least two finished studies in people, and at least 1,000 people who took it. 5 completed trials, 1,507 people given it.9 reported

   152 people1 study

   • A low dose of tesamorelin nudged thinking in the right direction in older adults. A hundred and fifty two people aged 55 to 87 took it or a dummy shot for five months, and sixty six of them already had mild memory trouble. The gain showed up mainly in planning and mental flexibility. IGF-1 more than doubled while...

     Archives of Neurology, 2012 · 152 people

10. 10SpermidineSupplementModerate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 2 completed trials, 130 people given it.4 reported

    130 people2 studies

    • The bigger memory study missed. SmartAge put 100 older adults on 0.9 mg of spermidine a day, or a dummy pill, for 12 months. 89 finished. The main memory test did not change. The gap was minus 0.03. Side effects were the same in both groups. Side looks at word memory and swelling markers are not the result the study...

      JAMA Network Open, 2022 · 100 people

    • A tiny memory study looked hopeful. 30 older adults who felt their memory was slipping took a spermidine plant extract, or a dummy pill, for three months. Memory scores leaned toward the extract, by a medium amount. The authors said a bigger study would have to confirm it. That bigger study is the next card.

      Cortex, 2018 · 30 people

11. 11ResveratrolSupplementModerate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 14 completed trials, 403 people given it.7 reported

    125 people2 studies1 found nothing

    • found nothingThe longest resveratrol trial found a small gain in thinking that has not been confirmed since. 125 women past menopause, aged 45 to 85, took 75 mg twice a day for a year and a dummy pill for another year. Their overall thinking scores came out better on resveratrol, though the gain was small. Blood flow in the brain,...

      Clinical Nutrition, 2021 · 125 people

    • Blood flow to the front of the brain went up, and thinking did not improve. Twenty-two healthy adults took one dose of 250 or 500 mg. The bigger the dose, the more blood flowed to the frontal cortex during mental tasks, and the tissue appeared to pull more oxygen out of it. Performance on those tasks did not change....

      American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2010 · number of people not given

12. 12CreatineSupplementModerate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 3 completed trials, 168 people given it.5 reported

    123 people1 study

    • Creatine did nothing for thinking, and it caused more complaints than the dummy did. 123 people took part, about half of them vegetarian. Tests of mental performance came out the same whichever they were given. More of the people on creatine reported side effects than the people on the dummy. Creatine has good...

      BMC Medicine, 2023 · 123 people

13. 13Low-dose lithiumSupplementModerate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 3 completed trials, 106 people given it.5 reported

    106 people3 studies

    • Over two years the untreated group declined and the lithium group did not. 61 older adults living at home with mild memory problems took low-dose lithium or a dummy for two years, nobody knowing which, then were followed two years more. The dummy group got worse on thinking and on daily function. The lithium group...

      British Journal of Psychiatry, 2019 · 61 people

    • Prescription lithium, at a low monitored dose, moved a brain marker and some thinking scores. 45 people with memory problems took lithium or a dummy for a year, nobody knowing which. Doses were adjusted by blood test to a range below the usual psychiatric one. A tau protein in the spinal fluid fell, and scores on an...

      British Journal of Psychiatry, 2011 · 45 people

    • This is the only trial at a dose anything like the supplements on sale, and it is one small study. People with Alzheimer's disease took 300 micrograms of lithium once a day for 15 months. The treated group's mental state scores held while the untreated group's fell, with the gap opening from three months and widening...

      Current Alzheimer Research, 2013 · number of people not given

14. 14EGCGSupplementStrong. At least two finished studies in people, and at least 1,000 people who took it. 3 completed trials, 1,172 people given it.5 reported

    87 people1 study1 found nothing

    • found nothingA year of EGCG alongside cognitive training changed almost nothing. 87 adults aged 16 to 34 with Down's syndrome took EGCG or a dummy for a year, both groups doing the training, nobody knowing which. 13 of the 15 cognitive tests showed no difference, and neither did 8 of the 9 everyday skills measures. Gains showed up...

      Lancet Neurology, 2016 · 87 people

15. 15PQQSupplementModerate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 3 completed trials, 116 people given it.5 reported

    98 people2 studies

    • PQQ beat a dummy pill on a computer battery of thinking tests, and the industry that sells it ran the study. 64 healthy Japanese adults aged 40 to under 80 took it for twelve weeks and 58 finished. The PQQ group improved on memory, reaction time, attention, mental flexibility, planning and motor speed. No side effects...

      Journal of the American Nutrition Association, 2022 · 64 people

    • Nothing here can be pinned on PQQ. 34 older people with mild memory problems took a six week product that combined PQQ with hydrogen producing minerals, so the two cannot be told apart. A brain growth protein rose inside the treated group but did not clearly pull away from the comparison group, and that was the main...

      The Journal of Nutrition, Health and Aging, 2024 · 34 people

16. 16AmbroxolSmall moleculeLimited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 2 completed trials, 73 people given it.1 reported

    55 people1 study

    • The proper trial was finally run, and it came back empty. 55 people with Parkinson disease dementia were assigned by chance to 525 mg of ambroxol a day, 1,050 mg, or a dummy, for a year. Nobody knew which. Comparing the high dose against the dummy, nothing separated the groups on thinking scores or on anything else....

      JAMA Neurology, 2025 · 55 people

17. 17OxaloacetateSupplementModerate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 2 completed trials, 112 people given it.4 reported

    30 people1 study1 found nothing

    • found nothingIt was safe and it reached the brain, but thinking did not get better. 30 people with Alzheimer's disease, 15 in each group, took 500 or 1,000 mg twice a day for one month. Both doses were tolerated. The higher dose raised how much sugar the brain took up in several regions and lifted an antioxidant in two of them....

      Alzheimer's and Dementia, 2021 · 30 people

18. 18NAD+ / B ComplexBlendLimited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 5 completed trials, 34 people given it.8 reported

    number of people not given2 studies2 found nothing

    • found nothingThe blood test improved and the person did not. Two hundred and seventy one older people with diabetes and borderline low B12 took a high dose of it, or a dummy, for over two years. Two blood markers of B12 shortage dropped, exactly as they should. Thinking and memory declined at the same rate in both groups. This is...

      Clinical Nutrition, 2017 · number of people not given

    • found nothingThe same lesson again, in people already losing their memory. Two hundred and seventy nine older adults with mild memory trouble took B12 with folic acid, or a dummy, for two years. Homocysteine, the blood marker the whole theory hangs on, fell by about a third. Their decline in thinking was no slower than the dummy...

      Clinical Nutrition, 2020 · number of people not given

19. 19OveporextonSmall moleculeModerate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 6 completed trials, 441 people given it.

    number of people not given2 studies

    • Attention and memory improved too, but this was a second look at an earlier trial. Researchers went back to the 112 person study and scored thinking tests. People on the drug lapsed in attention far less often than on the dummy, and made many fewer errors on a word pairing task. Executive function tests moved the same...

      JAMA Neurology, 2026 · number of people not given

    • This paper worked out how much better attention has to get to count as real, then applied it. Using the two big studies, the team decided two fewer lapses is a change a person would notice. On that yardstick, about two thirds on the drug improved in the first study, against a quarter on the dummy pill. In the second...

      Therapeutic Innovation and Regulatory Science, 2026 · number of people not given

20. 20Vitamin B12SupplementLimited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 2 completed trials, none stating how many people.4 reported

    number of people not given1 study1 found nothing

    • found nothingThe vitamins fixed the blood marker and left the brain exactly where it was. 279 outpatients aged 65 and over with mild memory problems and a raised homocysteine level took methylcobalamin with folic acid or a dummy for two years. Homocysteine fell a long way, from about 14 down to about 9. Thinking declined at the...

      Clinical Nutrition, 2020 · number of people not given

21. 21GlyNACSupplementLimited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 2 completed trials, none stating how many people.3 reported

    number of people not given1 study

    • Older adults improved on several fronts, in a study with nobody to compare them against. Over 24 weeks the supplement corrected a shortage of the body's main antioxidant, and strength, walking speed and thinking all improved. The benefits then faded once people stopped, which at least points back at the supplement....

      Clinical and Translational Medicine, 2021 · number of people not given

22. 22BuntanetapSmall moleculeLimited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 1 completed trial, none stating how many people.1 reported

    number of people not given1 study

    • The early signal was hopeful, and the study was far too small to trust. Fourteen people with early Alzheimer's and 54 with early Parkinson's took buntanetap or a dummy pill. The drug was safe up to 80 mg a day, and the Alzheimer's group scored better on two thinking tests. Here is the problem. Fourteen people cannot...

      Journal of Prevention of Alzheimer's Disease, 2023 · number of people not given

23. 23Metformin plus rapamycinSmall moleculePreliminary. Studied in people, but no published study has had people take it. 2 registered with no result.2 reported

    number of people not given1 study

    • The one trial testing this pair cannot tell the two drugs apart. 30 people are enrolled by AgelessRx, an online company that prescribes these drugs, and it is no longer signing people up. Every group stacks rapamycin and metformin together with low-dose naltrexone, NAD+ up the nose, glutathione on the skin and a...

      ClinicalTrials.gov, 2025 · number of people not given

24. 24LamivudineSmall moleculeLimited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 1 completed trial, none stating how many people.3 reported

    number of people not given1 study

    • This is the only time the idea has been tried in people, and it was not built to show benefit. 12 people with early Alzheimer disease took 300 mg of lamivudine a day. Everybody knew what they were taking and there was nothing to compare against. Safety looked acceptable and thinking scores held steady. A marker of...

      npj Dementia, 2025 · number of people not given

1. 01RapastinelPeptideStrong. At least two finished studies in people, and at least 1,000 people who took it. 5 completed trials, 2,614 people given it.

   1,087 people3 studies

   • A second large trial, two doses instead of one, and the same answer. Six hundred and fifty eight adults with depression got rapastinel at a lower or a higher weekly dose, or a dummy drip. After three weeks all three groups had improved by about the same amount. Neither dose pulled away from the dummy. The company...

     ClinicalTrials.gov, Naurex / Allergan, 2016 · 658 people

   • A third large trial, and a third failure. Four hundred and twenty nine adults with depression got a weekly drip of rapastinel or a dummy. Depression scores fell a little further on the drug after three weeks. The gap was small enough that chance alone routinely produces gaps that size. The company posted the figures...

     ClinicalTrials.gov, Naurex / Allergan, 2016 · 429 people

   • Tested properly in a large trial, and it did not work. Four hundred and sixty five adults with depression got a weekly drip of rapastinel or a dummy on top of their usual antidepressant. After three weeks, depression scores had fallen by the same amount in both groups. If anything the dummy group did slightly better....

     ClinicalTrials.gov, Naurex / Allergan, 2016 · number of people not given

2. 02HydralazineSmall moleculeStrong. At least two finished studies in people, and at least 1,000 people who took it. 3 completed trials, 1,724 people given it.4 reported

   1,050 people1 study

   • In 1,050 Black patients with advanced heart failure, a fixed-dose pill of hydralazine and a nitrate, on top of modern treatment, cut deaths so clearly the trial was stopped early. 6.2% died on the pill against 10.2% on a dummy pill. Again a two-drug pill, in one specific group of people.

     The New England Journal of Medicine, 2004 · 1,050 people

3. 03DHEAHormoneModerate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 3 completed trials, 267 people given it.5 reported

   168 people2 studies1 found nothing

   • found nothingThe biggest study of DHEA against a dummy pill as an anti-ageing supplement found nothing that mattered. 144 older men and women with low levels took it for two years. The hormone went up and little else changed. Body shape, strength, fitness, blood sugar control and quality of life did not get better. Bone density...

     The New England Journal of Medicine, 2006 · 144 people

   • In women whose adrenal glands make no DHEA, replacing it helped mood and sexual interest. 24 women took DHEA for four months and a dummy pill for four months. It is a study of people who lack the hormone, not of ageing.

     The New England Journal of Medicine, 1999 · 24 people

4. 04Melanotan IPeptideModerate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 2 completed trials, 170 people given it.8 reported

   432 people3 studies1 found nothing

   • A safety study required by European regulators, and the company that sells the drug is all over it. 200 patients were treated and nobody was left untreated, so there is no comparison group. Quality of life scores rose against where patients started, and about nine in ten who began treatment were still on it. Several...

     Photodermatology, Photoimmunology and Photomedicine, 2025 · 200 people

   • found nothingRegulators ordered this follow-up study, and it found real gains in daily life. 117 patients at one hospital were tracked for about two years. On average they gained roughly six more hours outside each week, and their quality of life scores rose. Painful sun reactions still happened as often and lasted as long; they...

     JAMA Dermatology, 2020 · 117 people

   • People with a painful light-intolerance disease felt far better on afamelanotide, but nobody got a dummy implant. 115 patients received just over a thousand implants across up to eight years at clinics in Rome and Zurich. Their quality of life scores started at about a third of the best possible and rose to roughly...

     British Journal of Dermatology, 2015 · 115 people

5. 05Semax / SelankBlendModerate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 2 completed trials, 172 people given it.9 reported

   62 people1 study

   • Selank calmed anxiety about as well as a standard sedative did. Sixty two people with long running anxiety or exhaustion were split by chance between Selank and medazepam, a drug in the same family as valium. Both groups improved by a similar amount, and the Selank group was also described as less tired and more...

     Zhurnal Nevrologii i Psikhiatrii imeni S.S. Korsakova, 2008 · 62 people

6. 06Semax with selank and dihexaBlendLimited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 1 completed trial, 62 people given it.7 reported

   62 people1 study

   • Selank calmed anxiety about as well as an older anti-anxiety drug, in a small Russian study. 62 patients with long-running anxiety or nervous exhaustion were treated, 30 with selank and 32 with medazepam. They were rated on standard anxiety scales. The two drugs came out about the same, and selank also lifted energy...

     Zhurnal Nevrologii i Psikhiatrii imeni S.S. Korsakova, 2008 · 62 people

7. 07DSIP with selank and epitalonBlendLimited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 1 completed trial, 62 people given it.6 reported

   62 people1 study

   • Selank eased anxiety about as well as an older anti-anxiety drug, in a small Russian study. 62 patients were treated, 30 on selank and 32 on medazepam, with similar results on standard anxiety scales. One detail matters in a product sold for sleep. Selank also acted as a mild stimulant in that study, lifting energy...

     Zhurnal Nevrologii i Psikhiatrii imeni S.S. Korsakova, 2008 · 62 people

8. 08InulinSupplementLimited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 1 completed trial, 39 people given it.6 reported

   39 people1 study

   • Inulin made constipation better, in a small test that ran into a design problem. 39 adults with long-running constipation took 12 g of chicory inulin daily for four weeks and a dummy for four more. Each person tried both in turn without knowing which. Bowel frequency, belly symptoms and quality of life all improved on...

     BMC Gastroenterology, 2025 · 39 people

9. 09SemaxPeptideModerate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 4 completed trials, 354 people given it.9 reported

   27 people1 study

   • Semax was measured against a nerve test and it did nothing. Twenty seven people with motor neuron disease took semax up the nose for two ten day courses. Their nerve and muscle testing did not change, and neither did the clinical ratings of their disease. The only score that moved was how they rated their own quality...

     Zhurnal Nevrologii i Psikhiatrii imeni S.S. Korsakova, 2007 · 27 people

10. 10MelittinPeptideModerate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 5 completed trials, 658 people given it.4 reported

    26 people1 study

    • Bee sting therapy failed on every measure it was tested on. Twenty six people with relapsing multiple sclerosis were stung up to twenty times a session, three times a week, for six months. Brain scans showed no fewer new lesions. Relapses, disability, fatigue and quality of life were all unchanged. Nobody was...

      Neurology, 2005 · 26 people

11. 11Neuropeptide YPeptideLimited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 3 completed trials, 20 people given it.5 reported

    20 people1 study1 found nothing

    • found nothingThe only time neuropeptide Y itself has been given to people was a first safety look, not an answer. Twenty six people with PTSD sprayed either the peptide or a dummy up the nose, then swapped a week later, and nobody involved knew the order. Twenty four finished both days. Even the highest dose caused no trouble. One...

      International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology, 2018 · 20 people

12. 12SermorelinPeptideModerate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 3 completed trials, 139 people given it.8 reported

    19 people1 study1 found nothing

    • found nothingThe hormone response faded while the injections carried on. Nineteen adults aged 55 to 71 injected salt water nightly for a month, then a sermorelin-like peptide for four more months. Growth hormone and its main blood marker rose within two weeks, stayed up for three months, then drifted back to where they started...

      Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 1997 · 19 people

13. 13ARA-290PeptideLimited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 5 completed trials, 95 people given it.7 reported

    9 people1 study

    • Every objective measure in this small trial stayed flat. Nine people with swelling at the centre of the retina injected cibinetide daily for three months, and eight finished. Their vision did not improve. Neither did retinal thickness, retinal sensitivity or tear production. The only thing that rose was how they rated...

      Journal of Clinical Medicine, 2020 · 9 people

14. 14DSIPPeptideLimited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 6 completed trials, 7 people given it.8 reported

    number of people not given1 study

    • Withdrawal signs eased, and the study cannot prove the drug did it. 107 hospital patients in Geneva coming off alcohol or opioids got vein injections up to six times a day. Most of those assessed had a clear drop in visible signs: racing heart, tremor, sweating and watering eyes. Within one to three days of stopping,...

      European Neurology, 1984 · number of people not given

15. 15NemifitidePeptideModerate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 5 completed trials, 177 people given it.

    number of people not given1 study

    • The result here depends on when you look and who you count. Eighty one adults with depression got a shot of nemifitide at one of two strengths, or a dummy, on weekdays for two weeks. The higher dose beat the dummy at one chosen moment, a week after the shots had stopped. It separated from the dummy only among the more...

      International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology, 2006 · number of people not given

16. 16NicotinamideSupplementModerate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 4 completed trials, 591 people given it.2 reported

    number of people not given1 study1 found nothing

    • found nothingThe same team tried to repeat the skin cancer result in transplant patients and it did not work. 158 organ transplant recipients who already had repeated skin cancers took the same dose for a year. New cancers came up 207 times on the vitamin and 210 times on the dummy pill, which is no difference at all. Nothing...

      New England Journal of Medicine, 2023 · number of people not given

17. 17Kisspeptin-54PeptideModerate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 5 completed trials, 122 people given it.8 reported

    number of people not given1 study1 found nothing

    • found nothingKisspeptin did not touch anxiety. People were given either kisspeptin or a dummy, and their reproductive hormones rose just as expected. Their anxiety did not change at all. This is about the only study in the whole kisspeptin field that measured something psychological rather than a hormone level, and the answer it...

      The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 2025 · number of people not given

18. 18PT-141 with oxytocinBlendLimited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 3 completed trials, 10 people given it.6 reported

    number of people not given1 study

    • Oxytocin was tested properly for sex problems in women, and it did not beat a dummy spray. Thirty women used an oxytocin nasal spray or a dummy spray before sex. Each tried both over 22 weeks, and nobody knew which was which. Sexual function scores rose 26% on oxytocin and 31% on the dummy. Distress about sex fell 36%...

      Fertility and Sterility, 2015 · number of people not given

19. 19ErythropoietinBiologicStrong. At least two finished studies in people, and at least 1,000 people who took it. 3 completed trials, 4,641 people given it.6 reported

    number of people not given1 study

    • Pushing blood counts up to normal in kidney disease harmed people. 1,432 adults with long-term kidney disease were treated towards either a high or a lower blood count target, for about 16 months. Deaths, heart attacks, heart failure hospital stays and strokes were more common in the high target group, 125 events...

      New England Journal of Medicine, 2006 · number of people not given

20. 20Kisspeptin-10PeptideLimited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 4 completed trials, 44 people given it.8 reported

    29 people1 study

    • Kisspeptin-54 changed how men's brains responded to sexual and romantic images, and lifted low mood slightly. Twenty-nine healthy men were scanned after receiving the peptide or a dummy. Emotional areas of the brain reacted more strongly to the images on the peptide. This is a brain scan signal and a mood...

      Journal of Clinical Investigation, 2017 · 29 people

21. 21TestosteroneHormoneModerate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 1 completed trial, 5,246 people given it.10 reported

    number of people not given1 study1 found nothing

    • found nothingTestosterone helped older men with sex and did much less for everything else. It raised their levels to what a man in his twenties or thirties would have. Sex drive, sexual activity and erections all clearly got better. Energy did not get better at all. Walking distance only improved when three studies were lumped...

      New England Journal of Medicine, 2016 · number of people not given

22. 22SelankPeptideModerate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 3 completed trials, 192 people given it.8 reported

    number of people not given0 studies
23. 23HCGBiologicLimited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 2 completed trials, 55 people given it.8 reported

    number of people not given0 studies
24. 24Vitamin B12SupplementLimited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 2 completed trials, none stating how many people.4 reported

    number of people not given0 studies

1. 01OveporextonSmall moleculeModerate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 6 completed trials, 441 people given it.

   168 people2 studies

   • This is about as strong as evidence for a sleep drug gets. Two trials put people with narcolepsy type 1 on oveporexton pills or dummy pills for three months. Nobody involved knew which. People on the drug stayed awake far longer on a standard staying-awake test, while the dummy group drifted slightly the other way....

     New England Journal of Medicine, 2026 · 168 people

   • The earlier and smaller test pointed the same way. 112 people with narcolepsy type 1 were split by chance across four dose schedules or a dummy, for two months. People on the drug stayed awake much longer on the standard test, while the dummy group slipped slightly. Insomnia hit about half of them, and a third had a...

     New England Journal of Medicine, 2025 · number of people not given

2. 02SermorelinPeptideModerate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 3 completed trials, 139 people given it.8 reported

   19 people1 study1 found nothing

   • found nothingThe hormone response faded while the injections carried on. Nineteen adults aged 55 to 71 injected salt water nightly for a month, then a sermorelin-like peptide for four more months. Growth hormone and its main blood marker rose within two weeks, stayed up for three months, then drifted back to where they started...

     Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 1997 · 19 people

3. 03DSIPPeptideLimited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 6 completed trials, 7 people given it.8 reported

   number of people not given2 studies

   • Sleep improved slightly, and the researchers said the improvement was not worth much. 16 people with long term sleeplessness were matched into pairs, and nobody knew who got DSIP and who got sugar water. Each had a vein injection before three of five nights in a sleep lab. Those on DSIP fell asleep faster and slept a...

     Neuropsychobiology, 1992 · number of people not given

   • Withdrawal signs eased, and the study cannot prove the drug did it. 107 hospital patients in Geneva coming off alcohol or opioids got vein injections up to six times a day. Most of those assessed had a clear drop in visible signs: racing heart, tremor, sweating and watering eyes. Within one to three days of stopping,...

     European Neurology, 1984 · number of people not given

4. 04TirzepatidePeptideStrong. At least two finished studies in people, and at least 1,000 people who took it. 9 completed trials, 22,802 people given it.11 reported

   number of people not given1 study

   • It worked for sleep apnea, and the change was big. Adults with obesity and moderate to severe sleep apnea took tirzepatide or a dummy injection for a year, across two trials. Breathing interruptions during sleep dropped by roughly 25 an hour more than on the dummy. That count is the measure doctors use to grade how...

     New England Journal of Medicine, 2024 · number of people not given

5. 05MK-677Small moleculeLimited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 2 completed trials, 65 people given it.11 reported

   number of people not given1 study

   • MK-677 deepened sleep in young adults. Young and older volunteers each took the drug and a dummy in turn, so every person acted as their own comparison. In the young group the deepest stage of sleep rose by about half, and dreaming sleep by more than a fifth. The figures reported are for the young subjects, not the...

     Neuroendocrinology, 1997 · number of people not given

6. 06GHRP-6PeptideLimited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 5 completed trials, 42 people given it.8 reported

   number of people not given1 study1 found nothing

   • found nothingThis is where the cortisol worry about GHRP-6 comes from, and it is a human measurement. Healthy men were given four small injections across one night, against a dummy on another. Growth hormone roughly tripled, and so did cortisol, with the stress hormone that drives it rising too. Light sleep gained about...

     Neuroendocrinology, 1995 · number of people not given

7. 07EpitalonPeptideModerate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 5 completed trials, 266 people given it.6 reported

   number of people not given0 studies
8. 08NMNSupplementLimited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 4 completed trials, 94 people given it.6 reported

   number of people not given0 studies
9. 09SomatropinBiologicLimited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 2 completed trials, 84 people given it.9 reported

   number of people not given0 studies
10. 10HCGBiologicLimited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 2 completed trials, 55 people given it.8 reported

    number of people not given0 studies
11. 11Vitamin B12SupplementLimited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 2 completed trials, none stating how many people.4 reported

    number of people not given0 studies
12. 12RapamycinSmall moleculeLimited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 2 completed trials, 25 people given it.8 reported

    number of people not given0 studies
13. 13EnclomipheneSmall moleculePreliminary. Studied in people, but no published study has had people take it. 1 human study where nobody was given it.6 reported

    number of people not given0 studies
14. 14TestosteroneHormoneModerate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 1 completed trial, 5,246 people given it.10 reported

    number of people not given0 studies
15. 15OxandroloneHormonePreliminary. Studied in people, but no published study has had people take it. 1 human study where nobody was given it.5 reported

    number of people not given0 studies
16. 16DHEAHormoneModerate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 3 completed trials, 267 people given it.5 reported

    number of people not given0 studies
17. 17BromantaneSmall moleculeModerate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 3 completed trials, 728 people given it.6 reported

    number of people not given0 studies
18. 18ClenbuterolSmall moleculeLimited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 2 completed trials, 11 people given it.5 reported

    number of people not given0 studies
19. 19PQQSupplementModerate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 3 completed trials, 116 people given it.5 reported

    number of people not given0 studies
20. 20Modified GRF 1-29PeptideLimited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 1 completed trial, none stating how many people.9 reported

    number of people not given0 studies
21. 21Vitamin DSupplementStrong. At least two finished studies in people, and at least 1,000 people who took it. 2 completed trials, 25,871 people given it.4 reported

    number of people not given0 studies
22. 22MagnesiumSupplementLimited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 1 completed trial, 46 people given it.4 reported

    number of people not given0 studies

1. 01ErythropoietinBiologicStrong. At least two finished studies in people, and at least 1,000 people who took it. 3 completed trials, 4,641 people given it.6 reported

   4,038 people1 study

   • This drug did not extend life or save kidneys, and it doubled the risk of stroke. 4,038 people with type 2 diabetes, kidney disease and anaemia got darbepoetin alfa or a dummy shot, with rescue treatment if counts dropped too low. Death and heart events came out the same. Kidney failure came out the same. Strokes hit...

     New England Journal of Medicine, 2009 · 4,038 people

2. 02BromantaneSmall moleculeModerate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 3 completed trials, 728 people given it.6 reported

   728 people1 study

   • The largest study of bromantane had nothing to compare itself against. 728 patients at 28 Russian clinics took it for four weeks. Nine in ten were rated improved by their doctor. Side effects were rare and almost nobody quit. Here is the problem. Everybody got the drug, everybody knew it, and the score was a doctor's...

     Zhurnal Nevrologii i Psikhiatrii Imeni S.S. Korsakova, 2010 · 728 people

3. 03ElamipretidePeptideModerate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 5 completed trials, 487 people given it.6 reported

   218 people1 study1 found nothing

   • found nothingIt was tested properly, at full scale, and it failed. 218 people with an inherited muscle disease caused by faulty mitochondria got elamipretide or a dummy injection, and nobody involved knew which. Both of the things the trial was built to settle came out flat. Walking distance in six minutes was 3.2 metres worse on...

     Neurology, 2023 · 218 people

4. 04OxaloacetateSupplementModerate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 2 completed trials, 112 people given it.4 reported

   82 people1 study

   • Oxaloacetate cut fatigue more than the comparison group in people with ME and chronic fatigue syndrome. 82 people took 2,000 mg a day for three months, assigned by chance, and nobody involved knew who got what. Fatigue fell by more than a quarter in the treated group against roughly a tenth in the controls. About 40.5...

     Frontiers in Neurology, 2024 · 82 people

5. 05MifepristoneSmall moleculeModerate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 2 completed trials, 320 people given it.4 reported

   50 people1 study

   • In Cushing's syndrome, where cortisol is the problem, blocking its receptor with mifepristone improved blood sugar, blood pressure and weight over six months. 50 adults took part, and there was no dummy pill group. Tiredness, nausea, headache and low potassium were common. This is the approved use, not a study of...

     The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 2012 · 50 people

6. 06MelittinPeptideModerate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 5 completed trials, 658 people given it.4 reported

   26 people1 study

   • Bee sting therapy failed on every measure it was tested on. Twenty six people with relapsing multiple sclerosis were stung up to twenty times a session, three times a week, for six months. Brain scans showed no fewer new lesions. Relapses, disability, fatigue and quality of life were all unchanged. Nobody was...

     Neurology, 2005 · 26 people

7. 07Melanotan IIPeptideStrong. At least two finished studies in people, and at least 1,000 people who took it. 5 completed trials, 1,310 people given it.9 reported

   3 people1 study

   • The first look at this compound in people was tiny, and the side effect it turned up became the reason people buy it. Three male volunteers took shots under the skin for two weeks. Their skin darkened, which was the point. Most doses made them feel sick, and the highest left them drowsy and tired. They also got...

     Life Sciences, 1996 · 3 people

8. 08TestosteroneHormoneModerate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 1 completed trial, 5,246 people given it.10 reported

   number of people not given1 study1 found nothing

   • found nothingTestosterone helped older men with sex and did much less for everything else. It raised their levels to what a man in his twenties or thirties would have. Sex drive, sexual activity and erections all clearly got better. Energy did not get better at all. Walking distance only improved when three studies were lumped...

     New England Journal of Medicine, 2016 · number of people not given

9. 09RetatrutidePeptideStrong. At least two finished studies in people, and at least 1,000 people who took it. 5 completed trials, 1,345 people given it.8 reported

   number of people not given0 studies
10. 10Thymosin Beta-4PeptideStrong. At least two finished studies in people, and at least 1,000 people who took it. 5 completed trials, 1,382 people given it.9 reported

    number of people not given0 studies
11. 11Vitamin B12SupplementLimited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 2 completed trials, none stating how many people.4 reported

    number of people not given0 studies
12. 12Urolithin ASupplementLimited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 2 completed trials, none stating how many people.4 reported

    number of people not given0 studies
13. 13DasatinibSmall moleculeLimited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 3 completed trials, 74 people given it.3 reported

    number of people not given0 studies
14. 14EnobosarmSmall moleculeModerate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 1 completed trial, 159 people given it.5 reported

    number of people not given0 studies
15. 15CardarineSmall moleculePreliminary. Studied in people, but no published study has had people take it. 1 registered with no result.7 reported

    number of people not given0 studies
16. 16NattokinaseBiologicStrong. At least two finished studies in people, and at least 1,000 people who took it. 9 completed trials, 1,795 people given it.6 reported

    number of people not given0 studies
17. 17DHEAHormoneModerate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 3 completed trials, 267 people given it.5 reported

    number of people not given0 studies
18. 18LamivudineSmall moleculeLimited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 1 completed trial, none stating how many people.3 reported

    number of people not given0 studies
19. 19PQQSupplementModerate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 3 completed trials, 116 people given it.5 reported

    number of people not given0 studies
20. 20NAD+ / B ComplexBlendLimited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 5 completed trials, 34 people given it.8 reported

    number of people not given0 studies
21. 21Semaglutide with B12BlendLimited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 2 completed trials, none stating how many people.7 reported

    number of people not given0 studies
22. 22Thymosin alpha-1 with KPV and LL-37BlendStrong. At least two finished studies in people, and at least 1,000 people who took it. 3 completed trials, 1,140 people given it.6 reported

    number of people not given0 studies
23. 23CoQ10SupplementModerate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 2 completed trials, 162 people given it.4 reported

    number of people not given0 studies
24. 24RusfertidePeptideModerate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 5 completed trials, 166 people given it.

    number of people not given0 studies