Peptide finder

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Pick as many as you like. The number on each one is how many people it has been measured in across the whole archive. So you can see where the evidence is before you choose.

1. 01OrforglipronSmall moleculeStrong. At least two finished studies in people, and at least 1,000 people who took it. 8 completed trials, 17,383 people given it.8 reported

   11,220 people1 study

   • Pooled liver data across the whole late-stage programme show no liver signal. 11,220 people were combined from seven trials, about 6,900 on orforglipron and 4,300 on something else, followed for up to two years. Six people in each half hit the liver enzyme threshold that triggers concern, and every orforglipron case...

     Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, 2026 · 11,220 people

2. 02MethotrexateSmall moleculeStrong. At least two finished studies in people, and at least 1,000 people who took it. 2 completed trials, 5,022 people given it.4 reported

   4,786 people1 study1 found nothing

   • found nothingLow-dose methotrexate did not prevent heart attacks or strokes in people who already had heart disease, and it did not lower the inflammation markers it was supposed to. 4,786 people took it or a dummy pill for about two years, and all took folate too. This is the trial that separates methotrexate from the...

     The New England Journal of Medicine, 2019 · 4,786 people

3. 03SemaglutidePeptideStrong. At least two finished studies in people, and at least 1,000 people who took it. 12 completed trials, 42,363 people given it.10 reported

   1,197 people1 study1 found nothing

   • found nothingSemaglutide healed liver inflammation in a serious fatty liver disease, on a look taken partway through. Liver samples were taken from the first 800 of 1,197 patients at 72 weeks. The inflammation cleared without the scarring getting worse in 62.9% on the drug against 34.3% on the dummy, and scarring improved in 36.8%...

     New England Journal of Medicine, 2025 · 1,197 people

4. 04Green tea extractSupplementModerate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 1 completed trial, 1,075 people given it.4 reported

   1,475 people2 studies

   • A year of high dose green tea extract harmed the liver in a small but real share of women. 1,075 women past menopause took an extract with 843 mg of EGCG a day, or a dummy pill, for one year. Liver enzymes rose in 36 women on the extract against 4 on the dummy pill. Just over 1% had a liver problem serious enough to...

     Food and Chemical Toxicology, 2015 · 1,075 people

   • Who gets liver injury from green tea extract may be partly in their genes. This is a second look at the Minnesota trial, covering the 400 women who took the extract. Women carrying one version of a liver-processing gene saw liver enzymes rise about 80% above their starting level at six and nine months. Women with the...

     Journal of Dietary Supplements, 2023 · 400 people

5. 05EGCGSupplementStrong. At least two finished studies in people, and at least 1,000 people who took it. 3 completed trials, 1,172 people given it.5 reported

   1,075 people1 study

   • Green tea extract damaged some livers, at ten times the dummy group's rate. 1,075 women past menopause took an extract delivering 843 mg of EGCG a day, or a dummy, for a year. A liver enzyme rose in 36 women on the extract, 6.7 percent, against 4 on the dummy, 0.7 percent. 1.3 percent had a liver problem recorded as...

     Food and Chemical Toxicology, 2015 · 1,075 people

6. 06FGF21BiologicModerate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 2 completed trials, 350 people given it.4 reported

   350 people2 studies

   • A lab-built version of FGF21 healed liver scarring in a mid-sized study. 222 people with fatty liver disease and moderate to advanced scarring got one of three doses or a dummy shot, for 24 weeks. Scarring improved without the disease getting worse in 7% of the dummy group, against 22% to 27% on the drug. The disease...

     New England Journal of Medicine, 2023 · 222 people

   • The higher dose worked at two years and the lower dose did not. 128 people with fatty liver disease and moderate to advanced scarring got one of two doses or a dummy shot. After 96 weeks, scarring improved by at least one stage in 19% of the dummy group, 30% on the lower dose and 49% on the higher. Only the higher...

     Lancet, 2025 · 128 people

7. 07SurvodutidePeptideStrong. At least two finished studies in people, and at least 1,000 people who took it. 5 completed trials, 2,034 people given it.7 reported

   293 people2 studies

   • Survodutide healed liver damage in a lot of the people who had it. Two hundred and ninety-three adults with liver inflammation confirmed by a tissue sample were treated for eleven months. Between 47 and 62 out of every 100 on the drug, depending on dose, had their liver damage improve without their scarring getting...

     New England Journal of Medicine, 2024 · 293 people

   • This trial is running and has published nothing, because it is not due to finish until 2031. It is giving survodutide or a dummy injection to 1,800 adults whose fatty liver disease has already scarred the liver. It is built to show two things: that the disease clears without the scarring worsening, and that the...

     ClinicalTrials.gov, Boehringer Ingelheim, 2026 · number of people not given

8. 08EfruxiferminBiologicModerate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 1 completed trial, 181 people given it.2 reported

   181 people1 study1 found nothing

   • found nothingThe trial failed the test it was built to pass, then looked better later. 181 people with liver scarring from fatty liver disease got efruxifermin or a dummy injection. At 36 weeks, when the answer was due, 19% on the 50 mg dose had less scarring against 13% on the dummy, which is not a gap you can lean on. By 96...

     New England Journal of Medicine, 2025 · 181 people

9. 09TesamorelinPeptideStrong. At least two finished studies in people, and at least 1,000 people who took it. 8 completed trials, 1,729 people given it.10 reported

   149 people3 studies1 found nothing

   • found nothingIt worked on liver fat, in a small trial. 61 people with HIV and a fatty liver were split evenly and given a daily injection of tesamorelin or a dummy version for a year. Nobody involved knew which. Liver fat came down by about a third more on tesamorelin than on the dummy. By the end 35% of the tesamorelin group had...

     The Lancet HIV, 2019 · 61 people

   • Tesamorelin shrank both deep belly fat and liver fat, in a small trial. 50 people with HIV and belly fat were split by chance, and 48 were treated for six months. Deep fat around the organs fell 42 cm2 more than on the dummy shot, and liver fat fell about 3 percentage points more. Fasting blood sugar rose 7 mg/dL more...

     JAMA, 2014 · 50 people

   • The drug still worked in people taking the newer HIV medicines that tend to add weight. 38 of the 61 people in this trial were on integrase inhibitors, and 31 finished the year. Their deep belly fat fell about 25 cm2 while it rose about 14 cm2 on the dummy shot, and liver fat fell 4.2% against 0.5%. Blood sugar...

     AIDS, 2024 · 38 people

10. 10EfinopegdutidePeptideModerate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 1 completed trial, 145 people given it.

    145 people2 studies1 found nothing

    • found nothingA dual-acting drug cleared far more liver fat than semaglutide in a head to head test. 145 people with fatty liver disease were split by chance between the two drugs for about six months. Everybody knew which drug they were taking. Liver fat fell by roughly three quarters on efinopegdutide against a little over two...

      Journal of Hepatology, 2023 · 145 people

    • The follow-on trial is running in the disease stage that actually matters, and it has reported nothing. It enrols people with steatohepatitis, which is the point where liver fat has turned into inflammation and scarring. Enrolment is closed and the study continues. No results have been posted. Liver fat on a scan is a...

      ClinicalTrials.gov, 2026 · number of people not given

11. 11Efimosfermin alfaBiologicModerate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 2 completed trials, 186 people given it.2 reported

    102 people1 study

    • Liver fat fell sharply. 102 people with fatty liver disease got efimosfermin or a dummy shot for 12 weeks. By week 12, 89 percent of those on the drug had cut their liver fat by at least 30 percent, against 7 percent on the dummy. Side effects were mostly mild nausea and diarrhoea. Liver fat on a scan is not scarring...

      The Lancet Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 2025 · 102 people

12. 12CotadutidePeptideStrong. At least two finished studies in people, and at least 1,000 people who took it. 6 completed trials, 1,221 people given it.

    74 people1 study

    • Cotadutide cut liver fat in people with confirmed liver inflammation, but never looked at the liver itself again. 74 people with biopsy-confirmed disease were split by chance between two doses and a dummy, for about five months. At the top dose, liver fat fell by five percentage points more than on the dummy. Side...

      Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 2024 · 74 people

13. 13TUDCASupplementLimited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 3 completed trials, 54 people given it.7 reported

    20 people1 study1 found nothing

    • found nothingFour weeks of TUDCA improved insulin sensitivity in liver and muscle, and not in fat. 20 obese adults took 1,750 mg a day or a dummy for four weeks, with detailed infusion tests and samples from muscle and fat. Liver and muscle insulin sensitivity rose by roughly 30 percent while the dummy group did not change. The...

      Diabetes, 2010 · 20 people

14. 14ResveratrolSupplementModerate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 14 completed trials, 403 people given it.7 reported

    17 people3 studies2 found nothing

    • This is the strongest good human result resveratrol has, and it rests on eleven men. Obese but otherwise healthy men took 150 mg a day for a month, and also spent a month on a dummy pill. Their resting metabolism slowed the way it does when people eat less. Liver fat, blood sugar, triglycerides, a liver enzyme and...

      Cell Metabolism, 2011 · 11 people

    • found nothingThis is the study that explains why so many resveratrol trials come back empty. Six volunteers took a labelled dose, and their guts absorbed at least 70 percent of it. Almost none of it stayed as resveratrol. The gut wall and the liver tag it chemically almost immediately, so what ends up circulating is a set of...

      Drug Metabolism and Disposition, 2004 · 6 people

    • found nothingResveratrol did not help fatty liver, and it may have irritated it. Twenty overweight men took 3,000 mg daily for eight weeks. Insulin resistance, liver fat, belly fat, blood fats and antioxidant activity were all unchanged, and so were the genes it was meant to act on. Two liver enzymes rose against the dummy, which...

      Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 2014 · number of people not given

15. 15GHRP-6PeptideLimited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 5 completed trials, 42 people given it.8 reported

    10 people1 study

    • Block the growth hormone receptor and this peptide turns out to push blood sugar directly. 10 healthy lean men were studied, and nobody involved knew who got what. With the receptor blocked by a drug, and the men not fasting, GHRP-6 sent insulin up roughly eightfold and blood sugar up noticeably. Free fatty acids...

      Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 2001 · 10 people

16. 16MibavademabBiologicLimited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 2 completed trials, 1 person given it.

    1 people1 study1 found nothing

    • found nothingThe antibody only worked in people who were already short of leptin. In an early study in people, compared with a dummy shot, it was well tolerated. In the authors' words, it reduced body weight over twelve weeks in people with low leptin in the blood, and had no effect on weight in people whose leptin was higher. One...

      Science Translational Medicine, 2023 · 1 people

17. 17RetatrutidePeptideStrong. At least two finished studies in people, and at least 1,000 people who took it. 5 completed trials, 1,345 people given it.8 reported

    number of people not given1 study

    • Retatrutide cleared fat out of the liver in a small side study. People with obesity and a fatty liver took the drug or a dummy injection for six months, inside the larger trial. By the end, liver fat had come back into the normal range for 86% of those on the strongest dose, 79% on the middle dose and 52% on the...

      Nature Medicine, 2024 · number of people not given

18. 18PemvidutidePeptideLimited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 2 completed trials, none stating how many people.1 reported

    number of people not given2 studies

    • A weekly shot cut the amount of fat sitting in people's livers, compared with a dummy shot. One half of the molecule acts on the liver directly, which is why it was expected to do this. Note what was measured. The amount of fat in the liver, not damage to the liver, and not how anyone felt.

      Journal of Hepatology, 2025 · number of people not given

    • The drug cleared up liver inflammation in six months without letting scarring get worse, which is what it was asked to do. It did not improve the scarring itself by that point. Those are two different things, and scarring is the one that predicts what happens to a person over years. Six months is early to expect scar...

      The Lancet, 2025 · number of people not given

19. 19PegozaferminBiologicLimited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 1 completed trial, none stating how many people.2 reported

    number of people not given1 study

    • Liver scarring improved on the drug in a mid-stage study. 219 people with moderate or severe scarring from fatty liver disease got pegozafermin or a dummy shot for 24 weeks. Scarring improved in 22 to 27 percent of those on the drug, against 7 percent on the dummy. Nausea and diarrhoea were the most common side...

      New England Journal of Medicine, 2023 · number of people not given

20. 20SulforaphaneSupplementModerate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 7 completed trials, 423 people given it.6 reported

    number of people not given1 study

    • The human part of this much-cited paper is the smallest part of it. Sulforaphane was picked out by computer, by matching a diabetic liver pattern against 3,800 drug patterns. It cut sugar production in liver cells. In diabetic animals it improved glucose handling about as much as metformin. Finally, in a small human...

      Science Translational Medicine, 2017 · number of people not given

21. 21MIB-626SupplementModerate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 4 completed trials, 107 people given it.1 reported

    number of people not given1 study1 found nothing

    • found nothingThe tablet moved some body measurements and left every measure of physical function untouched. 30 overweight or obese adults aged 45 and over took MIB-626 or a dummy tablet for four weeks. Weight fell by about two kilograms. Blood pressure and cholesterol both came down. Strength, stamina, how quickly muscles tired...

      Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 2023 · number of people not given

22. 22OsteocalcinPeptidePreliminary. Studied in people, but no published study has had people take it. 2 human studies where nobody was given it.

    5,169 people1 study

    • The arrow points the other way. Osteocalcin was measured in 5,169 people in China, and lower levels went with higher blood sugar, insulin resistance, triglycerides, liver fat and weight. That is exactly what the bone hormone story predicts. Then the researchers used genetics to test which way the causation runs, and...

      Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, 2021 · 5,169 people

23. 23MOTS-cPeptideLimited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 1 completed trial, 30 people given it.6 reported

    125 people1 study

    • This study points the other way, and the MOTS-c story does not hold together. A hundred and fifty-nine adults without diabetes or heart disease had their blood measured. Nobody was given anything. Those with metabolic syndrome carried more MOTS-c, not less, and levels rose with belly fat and with fat in the liver....

      Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, General Subjects, 2021 · 125 people

24. 24PterostilbeneSupplementLimited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 1 completed trial, 80 people given it.4 reported

    80 people1 study

    • This is a safety report and it makes no claim that the compound works. It covers the same 80 patients, of whom 91.3 percent finished, averaging 54 years old and 71 percent women. Liver, kidney and blood sugar markers showed no drug reactions, and no meaningful self-reported or major reactions turned up. The authors...

      Journal of Toxicology, 2013 · 80 people

1. 01MethotrexateSmall moleculeStrong. At least two finished studies in people, and at least 1,000 people who took it. 2 completed trials, 5,022 people given it.4 reported

   5,022 people2 studies1 found nothing

   • found nothingLow-dose methotrexate did not prevent heart attacks or strokes in people who already had heart disease, and it did not lower the inflammation markers it was supposed to. 4,786 people took it or a dummy pill for about two years, and all took folate too. This is the trial that separates methotrexate from the...

     The New England Journal of Medicine, 2019 · 4,786 people

   • A year of methotrexate given before rheumatoid arthritis was diagnosed did not stop the arthritis from arriving. 236 adults with joint pain took part. They also got one steroid shot at the start. They did have less pain, stiffness and joint inflammation two years on. One region, and an early test of the idea.

     The Lancet, 2022 · 236 people

2. 02ResveratrolSupplementModerate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 14 completed trials, 403 people given it.7 reported

   203 people2 studies1 found nothing

   • found nothingThe longest and largest diabetes trial of resveratrol found nothing that counted. 192 patients took 40 mg, 500 mg or a dummy pill every day for six months. An inflammation marker fell further on resveratrol, but not by enough to call real. Weight, waist, blood pressure, blood sugar, insulin and a string of other...

     Pharmacological Research, 2016 · 192 people

   • This is the strongest good human result resveratrol has, and it rests on eleven men. Obese but otherwise healthy men took 150 mg a day for a month, and also spent a month on a dummy pill. Their resting metabolism slowed the way it does when people eat less. Liver fat, blood sugar, triglycerides, a liver enzyme and...

     Cell Metabolism, 2011 · 11 people

3. 03SomatropinBiologicLimited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 2 completed trials, 84 people given it.9 reported

   60 people1 study

   • Take growth hormone away from adults who need it and most things get worse. 60 adults with a pituitary shortage, treated for about ten years, were switched onto a dummy for four months. Their IGF-1 fell sharply. Two aspects of quality of life declined. Waists grew, deep belly fat rose, and cholesterol and an...

     Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 2012 · 60 people

4. 04ThymalinPeptideModerate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 4 completed trials, 308 people given it.7 reported

   42 people1 study

   • A small early-pandemic trial reported faster recovery, and nobody died in either group. 42 patients got thymalin injections into the muscle for five days on top of standard care, and 50 got standard care alone, at one hospital in mid 2020. Lung scans worsened in 2 of the 42 treated against 5 of the 50 controls....

     Stem Cell Reviews and Reports, 2021 · 42 people

5. 05MIB-626SupplementModerate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 4 completed trials, 107 people given it.1 reported

   42 people1 study1 found nothing

   • found nothingThe tablet raised NAD in very sick patients and made no difference to them. 42 adults in hospital with COVID-19 and sudden kidney injury took MIB-626 or dummy tablets twice a day for two weeks. NAD in the blood roughly doubled by the end. Kidney blood tests came out the same in both groups. So did inflammation markers...

     FASEB BioAdvances, 2025 · 42 people

6. 06BrimapitidePeptideModerate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 4 completed trials, 510 people given it.

   20 people1 study

   • A small safety study in inflamed eyes, with nothing to compare it against. Twenty people who had inflammation inside the eye after surgery or injury got one injection under the surface of the eye. Seventeen side effects were recorded and all were judged unrelated to the drug. Almost none of the peptide reached the...

     Journal of Ocular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 2015 · 20 people

7. 07BPC-157PeptideLimited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 3 completed trials, 31 people given it.10 reported

   number of people not given1 study

   • A company registered a study of a BPC-157 gummy, marked it completed, and has posted no results. 40 physically active adults were to take two gummies a day for eight weeks, 500 mcg of BPC-157 per serving. The main measurements were two blood markers of inflammation, hs-CRP and IL-6. Everybody was to get the gummy....

     ClinicalTrials.gov, Parlay Wellness, 2025 · number of people not given

8. 08Metformin plus rapamycinSmall moleculePreliminary. Studied in people, but no published study has had people take it. 2 registered with no result.2 reported

   number of people not given1 study

   • The one trial testing this pair cannot tell the two drugs apart. 30 people are enrolled by AgelessRx, an online company that prescribes these drugs, and it is no longer signing people up. Every group stacks rapamycin and metformin together with low-dose naltrexone, NAD+ up the nose, glutathione on the skin and a...

     ClinicalTrials.gov, 2025 · number of people not given

9. 09GDF15BiologicModerate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 2 completed trials, 313 people given it.3 reported

   53,902 people2 studies

   • GDF15 tracks with getting sick in general, not with any one disease. Researchers measured thousands of blood proteins in 53,026 UK adults and followed them for over 13 years. Higher GDF15 went with later diagnosis of more than twenty different long-term illnesses, and with having several at once. Much of the level was...

     Metabolism, 2025 · 53,026 people

   • Higher GDF15 marked out men who died sooner, but nobody was given anything. 876 Swedish men aged 35 to 80 gave a blood sample and were then followed for up to 14 years. Those with more GDF15 at the start were roughly three times as likely to die of any cause. The pattern held in a separate set of 324 twins. This is a...

     Aging Cell, 2010 · 876 people

10. 10KPVPeptideAnimal or lab only. Only animal or lab studies on this page. No study in people yet. 2 animal studies, no human study.6 reported

    number of people not given0 studies

    • In mice with colitis, KPV carried in tiny particles sped up healing of the gut lining and lowered a swelling signal called TNF-alpha.

      Molecular Therapy, 2017 · number of people not given

11. 11ThymulinPeptideAnimal or lab only. Only animal or lab studies on this page. No study in people yet. 1 animal study, no human study.1 reported

    number of people not given0 studies

    • In rats. A thymulin copy called PAT cut pain and swelling caused by a bacterial toxin, more so at higher doses.

      British Journal of Pharmacology, 2002 · number of people not given

12. 12KLOW blendBlendLimited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 1 completed trial, 13 people given it.11 reported

    number of people not given0 studies

    • In mice with gut inflammation. KPV given alone led to faster recovery, more weight regained and less inflammation in the colon. Nothing here tests KPV in a mix or in people.

      Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, 2008 · number of people not given

13. 13ChonlutenPeptideAnimal or lab only. Only animal or lab studies on this page. No study in people yet. 2 lab studies, no human study.2 reported

    number of people not given0 studies

    • In a dish. In human immune cells, it cut the release of an inflammation signal after the cells met a bacterial toxin. The study was run with the institute that makes it, so it is not independent.

      International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 2022 · number of people not given

14. 14Ac-SDKPPeptideAnimal or lab only. Only animal or lab studies on this page. No study in people yet. 1 animal study, no human study.2 reported

    number of people not given0 studies

    • In rats. It cut inflammation after brain injury.

      Journal of Neurosurgery, 2017 · number of people not given

15. 15OSK Partial ReprogrammingBiologicPreliminary. Studied in people, but no published study has had people take it. 1 registered with no result.5 reported

    number of people not given0 studies

    • In normally ageing mice, not ones bred to age fast, long stretches of partial reprogramming changed the kidney and skin. The longer the treatment ran, the bigger the change. Ageing clocks read younger. Genes for inflammation, worn-out cells and stress were turned down. The authors did not claim these mice lived longer.

      Nature Aging, 2022 · number of people not given

16. 16E5 Plasma FractionProcedureAnimal or lab only. Only animal or lab studies on this page. No study in people yet. 4 animal studies, no human study.4 reported

    number of people not given0 studies

    • In rats, a fraction of young pig plasma made old organs look much younger on paper. The team first built and checked six tissue-age clocks for rat tissue, from 613 samples. Two of those also work in human tissue. After treatment, the tissue age of blood, heart and liver more than halved. A control centre in the brain...

      GeroScience, 2024 · number of people not given

17. 17ClusterinBiologicPreliminary. Studied in people, but no published study has had people take it. 2 human studies where nobody was given it, 1 registered with no result.4 reported

    number of people not given0 studies

    • In mice, with one human measurement inside it. Plasma from mice that chose to run, given to mice that did not, quietened inflammation genes in the brain. Protein screening showed a rise in a set of immune system brakes, clusterin among them. Clusterin injected into a vein stuck to the lining of brain blood vessels and...

      Nature, 2021 · number of people not given

18. 1825-HydroxycholesterolSmall moleculePreliminary. Studied in people, but no published study has had people take it. 1 human study where nobody was given it.2 reported

    number of people not given0 studies

    • In mice. In mice with clogged arteries, 25-hydroxycholesterol made by immune cells made artery swelling and damage worse. It was also measured in human artery tissue, but only measured. This is a harm result in the same part of the body as the artery stiffness study.

      Circulation, 2023 · number of people not given

19. 19RisuteganibPeptideModerate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 2 completed trials, 263 people given it.

    number of people not given0 studies

    • In a dish. Retina support cells were made with mitochondria from 5 people with AMD and 3 without. They were treated with each drug for 48 hours at doses like those used in the eye. The AMD cells showed more signs of cell death at the start. The two drugs changed cell death, stress and swelling genes in different ways....

      Experimental Eye Research, 2021 · number of people not given

20. 2017-alpha-estradiolHormoneAnimal or lab only. Only animal or lab studies on this page. No study in people yet. 4 animal studies, no human study.4 reported

    number of people not given0 studies

    • In mice, this study asked why these drugs mostly help males. It found that the drop in brain inflammation was itself different between males and females. That is part of an answer, not the whole answer.

      Aging Cell, 2017 · number of people not given

21. 21LamivudineSmall moleculeLimited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 1 completed trial, none stating how many people.3 reported

    number of people not given0 studies

    • In mice and in a dish. This is the paper that started the idea. In worn-out cells, jumping genes woke up and set off an immune alarm through loose DNA copies. Drugs that block the copying stopped it. Giving lamivudine to old mice turned down the alarm and cut inflammation in several body parts. It measured...

      Nature, 2019 · number of people not given

22. 22RuxolitinibSmall moleculeModerate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 1 completed trial, 309 people given it.

    number of people not given0 studies

    • In human cells in a dish and in old mice. Blocking the JAK pathway quieted the inflammatory signals from zombie cells. In old mice, 10 weeks of a JAK-blocking drug cut inflammation and helped them move better. There is no result in people.

      Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2015 · number of people not given

23. 23CartalaxPeptideAnimal or lab only. Only animal or lab studies on this page. No study in people yet. 4 lab studies, no human study.8 reported

    number of people not given0 studies

    • In a dish. Aging cartilage cells gave off more aging and inflammation signals. Both Cartalax and a cartilage extract pushed those signals back toward normal. These were cells, not joints, and nobody measured a real health result.

      Advances in Gerontology, 2023 · number of people not given

24. 24ApelinPeptideLimited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 3 completed trials, 68 people given it.3 reported

    number of people not given0 studies

    • Mostly in mice. Mice missing apelin or its receptor lost a lot of muscle with age. Giving apelin signals back improved their muscle. A human part only watched people. In older people, muscle made less apelin with age, and more apelin went with more benefit from exercise. Nobody was given apelin. Public money paid for...

      Nature Medicine, 2018 · number of people not given

1. 01PlecanatidePeptideStrong. At least two finished studies in people, and at least 1,000 people who took it. 2 completed trials, 1,337 people given it.3 reported

   1,337 people2 studies

   • Plecanatide helped chronic constipation, and it helped roughly one extra person in fourteen. 1,337 adults took one of two doses or a dummy pill, and nobody involved knew which. About 20 in every hundred on either dose became lasting responders, against about 13 on the dummy. Both doses worked the same, so the higher...

     Therapeutic Advances in Gastroenterology, 2017 · 1,337 people

   • The drug works across most kinds of patient, with one gap. Researchers pooled two identical trials, 2,639 adults in all, and split the results by age, weight, race and sex. Both doses beat the dummy pill in nearly every group, including people over 65 and people who were not White. The exception was the higher dose in...

     Clinical and Translational Gastroenterology, 2023 · number of people not given

2. 02TrametinibSmall moleculeStrong. At least two finished studies in people, and at least 1,000 people who took it. 2 completed trials, 1,192 people given it.

   322 people1 study

   • In advanced melanoma with a BRAF mutation, trametinib on its own held the cancer back longer than chemotherapy and more people were alive at six months. Rash, diarrhoea and swelling were the common side effects. This is the trial that led to its approval as a single drug.

     The New England Journal of Medicine, 2012 · 322 people

3. 03MifepristoneSmall moleculeModerate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 2 completed trials, 320 people given it.4 reported

   270 people1 study

   • The other approved use. Mifepristone followed by misoprostol ended early pregnancies without surgery in nearly all of 270 women. Putting the second drug in the vagina worked better than swallowing it. Every woman got mifepristone. What was decided by chance was how the second drug was taken.

     The New England Journal of Medicine, 1995 · 270 people

4. 04FGF21BiologicModerate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 2 completed trials, 350 people given it.4 reported

   222 people1 study

   • A lab-built version of FGF21 healed liver scarring in a mid-sized study. 222 people with fatty liver disease and moderate to advanced scarring got one of three doses or a dummy shot, for 24 weeks. Scarring improved without the disease getting worse in 7% of the dummy group, against 22% to 27% on the drug. The disease...

     New England Journal of Medicine, 2023 · 222 people

5. 05LarazotidePeptideModerate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 2 completed trials, 526 people given it.

   184 people1 study1 found nothing

   • found nothingLarazotide reduced symptoms during a deliberate gluten challenge, but missed the thing it was designed to fix. A hundred and eighty-four people with coeliac disease ate gluten on purpose while taking the drug or a dummy. On 1 mg, symptoms were milder and the rise in a coeliac antibody was blunted. The leakiness of the...

     Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 2013 · 184 people

6. 06IpamorelinPeptideModerate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 2 completed trials, 157 people given it.9 reported

   117 people1 study

   • Ipamorelin was tested properly after bowel surgery and it did not work. 117 people who had had part of the bowel removed got ipamorelin into a vein or a dummy drip. Nobody involved knew which. The aim was to get them eating sooner. On ipamorelin the first meal that stayed down came about 25 hours after surgery,...

     International Journal of Colorectal Disease, 2014 · 117 people

7. 07Tesamorelin / IpamorelinBlendStrong. At least two finished studies in people, and at least 1,000 people who took it. 5 completed trials, 1,507 people given it.9 reported

   117 people1 study

   • Ipamorelin has been tested in people once, and it failed. A hundred and seventeen patients who had just had bowel surgery were given it into a vein or a dummy. On average they managed a meal sooner, 25.3 hours against 32.6, but the gap was too small to separate from chance. The drug was well tolerated. This is the...

     International Journal of Colorectal Disease, 2014 · 117 people

8. 08Sermorelin with ipamorelinBlendModerate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 1 completed trial, 117 people given it.8 reported

   117 people1 study

   • Ipamorelin has been tested properly in people exactly once, and it was for a gut problem after surgery. 117 adults having part of the bowel removed got either ipamorelin into a vein twice a day or a dummy drip, by chance. They got it from the day after surgery until they went home or a week passed. The study watched...

     International Journal of Colorectal Disease, 2014 · 117 people

9. 09CJC-1295 with ipamorelin and GHRP-2BlendModerate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 2 completed trials, 117 people given it.5 reported

   117 people1 study

   • Ipamorelin has been through one real study in people, and it was about recovery after bowel surgery. 117 patients got either ipamorelin into a vein twice a day or a dummy drip, by chance. It was safe. The study measured how soon patients could handle a solid meal. That is the whole proper record for this peptide in...

     International Journal of Colorectal Disease, 2014 · 117 people

10. 10MK-677 with ipamorelinBlendModerate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 2 completed trials, 182 people given it.7 reported

    117 people1 study

    • Ipamorelin has one proper study in people, and it was done after bowel surgery. 117 adults got either ipamorelin into a vein twice a day or a dummy drip, by chance. The study measured how quickly they could eat a solid meal again. Safety was the real finding. It is still the only proper test of this peptide in people....

      International Journal of Colorectal Disease, 2014 · 117 people

11. 11MIB-626SupplementModerate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 4 completed trials, 107 people given it.1 reported

    65 people1 study

    • This trial suggests oral NMN may work through gut bacteria rather than directly, which would apply to this product too. 65 healthy adults took one of three NAD boosters for two weeks, and everyone knew what they were taking. NMN and nicotinamide riboside both raised NAD in the blood. Plain nicotinamide did not keep it...

      Nature Metabolism, 2026 · 65 people

12. 12CotadutidePeptideStrong. At least two finished studies in people, and at least 1,000 people who took it. 6 completed trials, 1,221 people given it.

    65 people1 study

    • An early trial showed cotadutide blunts the blood sugar spike after a meal, and takes off some weight. 65 adults with diabetes and extra weight took it daily for seven weeks, or a dummy. After meals, blood sugar rose about a fifth less, while it climbed on the dummy. Weight fell about three and a half percent, against...

      Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 2020 · 65 people

13. 13InulinSupplementLimited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 1 completed trial, 39 people given it.6 reported

    39 people1 study

    • Inulin made constipation better, in a small test that ran into a design problem. 39 adults with long-running constipation took 12 g of chicory inulin daily for four weeks and a dummy for four more. Each person tried both in turn without knowing which. Bowel frequency, belly symptoms and quality of life all improved on...

      BMC Gastroenterology, 2025 · 39 people

14. 14TERN-601Small moleculeLimited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 1 completed trial, 3 people given it.3 reported

    3 people1 study

    • TERN-601 caused weight loss, then ended its own program with liver damage. There were two studies, one for 28 days and one for 12 weeks, both against a dummy pill. In the first, every dose led to more weight loss than the dummy pill, with less hunger and slower stomach emptying. In the second, doses of 500 mg and up...

      Obesity, 2026 · 3 people

15. 15GLP-1PeptideLimited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 2 completed trials, 8 people given it.1 reported

    number of people not given1 study

    • The hormone your own gut makes does what the drugs built from it do, only briefly. Adults with obesity injected native GLP-1 before meals for five days, and also spent a period on a dummy, with nobody knowing which. Food eaten at each meal fell by about 15 percent and they lost 0.55 kg. Food leaving the stomach more...

      British Journal of Nutrition, 2004 · number of people not given

16. 16PegcetacoplanPeptideStrong. At least two finished studies in people, and at least 1,000 people who took it. 3 completed trials, 1,258 people given it.3 reported

    number of people not given1 study

    • Pegcetacoplan beat the existing drug in people whose blood disease it was failing to control. 80 adults who were still anaemic on eculizumab were switched to one drug or the other, and everyone knew which. Haemoglobin rose clearly more on pegcetacoplan. 35 of 41 on it avoided a transfusion, against 6 of 39 on...

      New England Journal of Medicine, 2021 · number of people not given

17. 17Semaglutide with B12BlendLimited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 2 completed trials, none stating how many people.7 reported

    number of people not given1 study

    • Semaglutide caused large, well documented weight loss, and this is the study that showed it. Adults took a weekly 2.4 mg shot or a dummy shot for about 16 months. Average body weight fell 14.9% on the drug and 2.4% on the dummy, a gap of about 12 points. Half the drug group lost at least a sixth of their body weight,...

      New England Journal of Medicine, 2021 · number of people not given

18. 18BI 1820237PeptidePreliminary. Studied in people, but no published study has had people take it. 2 human studies where nobody was given it.

    95 people1 study1 found nothing

    • found nothingThis first test in people was about safety, and the drug made a lot of them sick. 95 otherwise healthy men carrying extra weight were given single rising doses, some with a low dose of liraglutide alongside. Drug-related side effects, mostly stomach and bowel, hit about 39% in the first two parts and about 31% in the...

      Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, 2025 · 95 people

19. 19BGM0504PeptideLimited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 1 completed trial, 64 people given it.

    40 people1 study

    • Healthy volunteers, and the weight figures belong to healthy volunteers. 40 healthy Chinese people took a single 2.5 mg dose, then weekly doses rising to 5, 10 and 15 mg. The amount in the blood rose in step with the dose across that range. Weight fell 3.24, 6.26, 7.09 and 8.30 percent at the four doses. Vomiting,...

      Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, 2025 · 40 people

20. 20KPVPeptideAnimal or lab only. Only animal or lab studies on this page. No study in people yet. 2 animal studies, no human study.6 reported

    number of people not given0 studies

    • In mice with colitis, KPV carried in tiny particles sped up healing of the gut lining and lowered a swelling signal called TNF-alpha.

      Molecular Therapy, 2017 · number of people not given

21. 21Methylene BlueSmall moleculeLimited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 1 completed trial, 26 people given it.7 reported

    number of people not given0 studies
22. 22MetforminSmall moleculeModerate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 3 completed trials, 489 people given it.6 reported

    number of people not given0 studies
23. 23Tirzepatide with B12BlendLimited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 2 completed trials, none stating how many people.6 reported

    number of people not given0 studies
24. 24Semaglutide with cagrilintideBlendStrong. At least two finished studies in people, and at least 1,000 people who took it. 4 completed trials, 4,219 people given it.6 reported

    number of people not given0 studies