Peptide finder

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Pick as many as you like. The number on each one is how many people it has been measured in across the whole archive. So you can see where the evidence is before you choose.

1. 01LandogrozumabBiologicModerate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 3 completed trials, 726 people given it.

   601 people2 studies1 found nothing

   • The same antibody was tested around hip replacement surgery, and again it built muscle. Four hundred adults having a planned hip replacement were split by chance between three doses and a dummy injection. Twelve weeks later, arm and leg muscle had risen at every dose, and it rose more the higher the dose. The dummy...

     ClinicalTrials.gov, 2014 · 400 people

   • found nothingA myostatin antibody added muscle to older people who fall, and barely moved how they function. Two hundred older adults were split by chance between the drug and a dummy injection. After six months the drug group had gained about four hundred grams of arm and leg muscle, while the dummy group had lost a little....

     Lancet Diabetes and Endocrinology, 2015 · 201 people

2. 02EcdysteroneSupplementModerate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 3 completed trials, 233 people given it.5 reported

   233 people2 studies1 found nothing

   • found nothingThe drug version of this molecule was tested in 233 older adults losing muscle with age. It missed its main target. Across everyone who took part, walking speed over a 400 metre course barely changed compared with a dummy pill. A smaller group who stuck to the plan walked a little faster. Counting only those people is...

     Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle, 2025 · 233 people

   • In a study in people, those taking ecdysterone gained more muscle than the comparison group and lifted more on the bench press. Blood tests for liver and kidney damage did not rise. The researchers checked everyone for banned drugs and tested the supplement for hidden steroids first. They said it should go on the...

     Archives of Toxicology, 2019 · number of people not given

3. 03BIO101Small moleculeModerate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 1 completed trial, 233 people given it.3 reported

   233 people2 studies1 found nothing

   • found nothingIt missed the target it was built to hit. 233 older adults losing muscle with age, average age 75, took BIO101 at one of two doses or a dummy pill for six months. The measure was walking speed over 400 metres. Counting everyone, the drug made almost no difference. Covid wiped out more than half the final in-person...

     Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle, 2025 · 233 people

   • The same molecule worked in young people who train and fell short in frail older people. In a sports study, ecdysterone added muscle and bench press strength. In older adults losing muscle with age, the drug version did not clearly improve walking speed. A gain in the gym in young healthy bodies does not mean an older...

     Archives of Toxicology, 2019 · number of people not given

4. 04RetatrutidePeptideStrong. At least two finished studies in people, and at least 1,000 people who took it. 5 completed trials, 1,345 people given it.8 reported

   189 people1 study

   • Most of the weight lost was fat, on scans from a small slice of a larger trial. 189 people joined the scan study and only 103 had usable scans at both the start and week 36. Fat mass fell 26.1% and 23.2% at the two higher doses, against 4.5% on the dummy shot. The share of the loss that was muscle looked like what...

     The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology, 2025 · 189 people

5. 05EnobosarmSmall moleculeModerate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 1 completed trial, 159 people given it.5 reported

   159 people1 study1 found nothing

   • found nothingMuscle did grow, in people who were losing it to cancer. 159 patients who had already lost weight took one of two doses of enobosarm or a dummy pill for up to about four months. Muscle mass rose on both doses, by roughly 1 to 1.5 kg, while the dummy group did not change. Here is the limit. Growing muscle is not the...

     The Lancet Oncology, 2013 · 159 people

6. 06MetforminSmall moleculeModerate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 3 completed trials, 489 people given it.6 reported

   94 people1 study

   • Metformin got in the way of the muscle that lifting weights is meant to build. 94 adults aged 65 and over trained with weights for 14 weeks under supervision. Half took metformin every day, half took a dummy pill. The dummy group put on more lean weight and more thigh muscle, and their thigh muscle came out denser....

     Aging Cell, 2019 · 94 people

7. 07TeduglutidePeptideLimited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 2 completed trials, 83 people given it.4 reported

   83 people1 study

   • It worked, and the doses came out backwards. People with short bowel syndrome cannot absorb enough from food, so they are fed through a vein, often for hours every night. 83 of them got one of two doses of teduglutide or a dummy injection for about six months. The lower dose beat the dummy. The higher dose did not,...

     Gut, 2011 · 83 people

8. 08MecaserminPeptideLimited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 1 completed trial, 76 people given it.6 reported

   76 people1 study

   • Children who cannot make their own IGF-1 grew much faster on the replacement, and kept growing for years. 76 children were treated for up to twelve years with shots under the skin twice a day. Growth went from under three centimetres a year to eight in the first year, and stayed above where it started for up to eight...

     Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 2007 · 76 people

9. 09MK-677Small moleculeLimited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 2 completed trials, 65 people given it.11 reported

   65 people1 study1 found nothing

   • found nothingIt shifted muscle and fat, and it did not make anyone stronger or more able. 65 adults aged 60 to 81 took MK-677 or a dummy pill daily for up to two years. Growth hormone and IGF-1 climbed back to young-adult levels. Lean tissue rose about 1.1 kg while the dummy group lost about half a kilo. Strength and everyday...

     Annals of Internal Medicine, 2008 · 65 people

10. 10MK-677 with ipamorelinBlendModerate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 2 completed trials, 182 people given it.7 reported

    65 people1 study

    • MK-677 worked in the longest study any of these drugs has had, and the gains were modest. 65 healthy adults aged 60 to 81 took a 25 mg pill or a dummy pill every day for two years. Nobody knew which they had. Growth hormone and IGF-1 climbed back into the range of a healthy young adult, with no serious harms. Lean...

      Annals of Internal Medicine, 2008 · 65 people

11. 11ForskolinSupplementLimited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 2 completed trials, 53 people given it.5 reported

    53 people2 studies1 found nothing

    • Body fat fell and testosterone rose, in thirty overweight men. The men all had a body mass index of 26 or above and took 250 mg of a 10 percent forskolin extract twice a day, or a dummy, decided by chance, for 12 weeks. Scans showed body fat percentage and fat mass dropped against the dummy group. Bone mass changed...

      Obesity Research, 2005 · 30 people

    • found nothingThe same supplement was tested in women and it did not work. 23 mildly overweight women took a 10 percent Coleus forskohlii extract twice a day or a dummy for 12 weeks, seven on the extract. Fat mass, lean mass and body fat percentage came out the same in both groups. Slight leanings toward less weight gain were too...

      Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 2005 · 23 people

12. 12SupaglutideBiologicModerate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 3 completed trials, 190 people given it.

    50 people1 study

    • The entire published obesity record for this drug is fifty people. They were spread across five doses and a dummy, starting at an average weight of 92.9 kg. Weight fell 7.16 percent against 0.86 percent on the dummy, and 82.5 percent of treated people lost at least a twentieth of their body weight, against nobody on...

      Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, 2026 · 50 people

13. 13ACE-031BiologicLimited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 1 completed trial, 48 people given it.5 reported

    48 people2 studies

    • One dose of ACE-031 added measurable muscle to healthy women within a month. Forty-eight women past menopause each received a single injection at one of several dose levels. At the highest dose, total muscle rose 3.3% and thigh muscle volume 5.1% by day 29. The drug lingers, taking ten to fifteen days for the body to...

      Muscle and Nerve, 2013 · 48 people

    • The trial was stopped early for safety, and it never showed a benefit. Boys with Duchenne muscular dystrophy were given ACE-031 or a dummy injection. After the second dose level, the study was halted because boys were getting nosebleeds and small spidery blood vessels in the skin. Walking distance and muscle mass...

      Muscle and Nerve, 2017 · number of people not given

14. 14L-leucineSupplementLimited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 1 completed trial, 30 people given it.3 reported

    30 people1 study1 found nothing

    • found nothingThree months of leucine did nothing at all for muscle in healthy older men. 30 men averaging 71 took 2.5 g of leucine with each main meal, 7.5 g a day, or a dummy, decided by chance. Scans of muscle size showed no change in either group. Strength on a one-lift maximum did not change either. Insulin sensitivity,...

      American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2009 · 30 people

15. 15SomatropinBiologicLimited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 2 completed trials, 84 people given it.9 reported

    24 people1 study1 found nothing

    • found nothingGrowth hormone changed what the body was made of without changing what the scales said. Twenty four adults whose bodies made too little growth hormone took it for six months, against others given a dummy version. They gained about 5.5 kg of muscle and lost about 5.7 kg of fat. Total weight barely moved, because the...

      New England Journal of Medicine, 1989 · 24 people

16. 16SermorelinPeptideModerate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 3 completed trials, 139 people given it.8 reported

    19 people1 study1 found nothing

    • found nothingThe hormone response faded while the injections carried on. Nineteen adults aged 55 to 71 injected salt water nightly for a month, then a sermorelin-like peptide for four more months. Growth hormone and its main blood marker rose within two weeks, stayed up for three months, then drifted back to where they started...

      Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 1997 · 19 people

17. 17Ursolic acidSupplementLimited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 1 completed trial, 16 people given it.6 reported

    16 people1 study1 found nothing

    • found nothingThe entire human record for ursolic acid is sixteen men. 16 healthy men averaging 29 did eight weeks of weight training, seven on training alone and nine also taking ursolic acid capsules three times a day. Body fat percentage fell in the supplemented group. Body weight, body mass index, muscle mass, blood sugar and...

      Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology, 2014 · 16 people

18. 18ClenbuterolSmall moleculeLimited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 2 completed trials, 11 people given it.5 reported

    18 people2 studies2 found nothing

    • found nothingClenbuterol does build muscle in people, and it wrecks your fitness while it does. 11 healthy young men took the drug for two weeks and a dummy for two weeks, in turn, with three weeks between. Lean mass rose by just under a kilogram. Fat mass did not move at all, which matters because fat loss is why most people buy...

      The Journal of Physiology, 2025 · 11 people

    • found nothingClenbuterol built leg muscle in heart failure patients and did nothing for their hearts. 7 people supported by a mechanical heart pump took rising oral doses for three months, up to a very high daily amount. Body weight and lean mass rose, and thigh strength improved from about 37 to about 46 kilograms of force. The...

      The Journal of Heart and Lung Transplantation, 2006 · 7 people

19. 19MyostatinBiologicModerate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 3 completed trials, 188 people given it.

    number of people not given2 studies1 found nothing

    • found nothingA drug that blocked myostatin alone failed in boys with Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Boys got the antibody or a dummy. After 49 weeks, the time to climb four stairs differed by a quarter of a second, which is nothing. No other measure of how the boys were doing separated the two groups. Gains in muscle size did not...

      Neuromuscular Disorders, 2020 · number of people not given

    • Blocking the receptor, not the hormone, caused big changes in body makeup. Adults with type 2 diabetes and obesity took bimagrumab or a dummy for 48 weeks. Fat fell by about a fifth, 7.5 kg, against almost nothing on the dummy. Muscle rose by 1.7 kg, waists shrank 9 cm, and average blood sugar fell by three quarters...

      JAMA Network Open, 2021 · number of people not given

20. 20RapamycinSmall moleculeLimited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 2 completed trials, 25 people given it.8 reported

    number of people not given1 study

    • Nearly a year of low dose rapamycin proved reasonably safe in ordinary ageing adults. Safety was the main thing the trial was built to check, and it checked out. Muscle mass and pain improved in women on the higher dose, which was one finding among many measures and needs repeating before anyone leans on it. Safe to...

      Aging, 2025 · number of people not given

21. 21DomagrozumabBiologicLimited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 1 completed trial, none stating how many people.

    number of people not given1 study1 found nothing

    • found nothingA second myostatin blocker was tested properly in boys with Duchenne and it failed. 120 boys aged six to fifteen were split by chance across three doses or a dummy injection, for nearly two years. The thing the trial was built to measure was how fast they climbed four stairs. The two groups came out the same. No other...

      Neuromuscular Disorders, 2020 · number of people not given

22. 22ApitegromabBiologicPreliminary. Studied in people, but no published study has had people take it. 2 human studies where nobody was given it.1 reported

    number of people not given1 study

    • Adding this antibody to tirzepatide protected about half the muscle people would otherwise have lost. It also changed what came off: 85% of the lost weight was fat, against about 70% on tirzepatide alone. Muscle loss is the main worry with these weight drugs, so this speaks straight to it. The trial was mid-stage and...

      Scholar Rock press release, 2025 · number of people not given

23. 23TrevogrumabBiologicLimited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 1 completed trial, none stating how many people.3 reported

    number of people not given1 study

    • Blocking two muscle brakes at once protected most of the muscle people lose on semaglutide. With all three drugs, about 81% of the muscle normally lost was kept, and people lost about 27% more fat than on semaglutide alone. Two drugs instead of three kept about half. These are company-reported figures from a mid-stage...

      Regeneron press release, 2025 · number of people not given

24. 24Collagen peptidesSupplementLimited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 2 completed trials, 69 people given it.4 reported

    number of people not given1 study

    • Put side by side with whey, collagen did not build muscle. Healthy older women were given the same amount of protein as either whey or collagen, with and without a workout. Whey switched muscle building on, both straight after the dose and over the longer run. Collagen did not, even when the researchers matched...

      American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2020 · number of people not given

1. 01ErythropoietinBiologicStrong. At least two finished studies in people, and at least 1,000 people who took it. 3 completed trials, 4,641 people given it.6 reported

   603 people1 study

   • Aiming for a normal blood count did not help, and more of those patients ended up on dialysis. 603 people with failing kidneys were treated towards a normal or a lower blood count target and followed for three years. Heart events came out about the same, 58 against 47, a gap that could be chance. More people in the...

     New England Journal of Medicine, 2006 · 603 people

2. 02MelittinPeptideModerate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 5 completed trials, 658 people given it.4 reported

   538 people1 study

   • This tested whole bee venom, not melittin. Five hundred and thirty eight people with knee arthritis got weekly skin injections of venom, or of a control substance, for twelve weeks. Pain and physical function improved more on the venom. The gains were modest in size. Reactions where the needle went in were uncommon....

     Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 2019 · 538 people

3. 03CarnosineSupplementModerate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 2 completed trials, 299 people given it.4 reported

   299 people1 study1 found nothing

   • found nothingCarnosine did nothing for physical performance overall, and the effects reported were found by slicing the group up afterwards. 299 people took 2 grams a day or a dummy and were tested on grip strength, calf raises, a two minute step test and walking speed over about twelve weeks. Nothing separated the groups on any...

     Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 2026 · 299 people

4. 04EcdysteroneSupplementModerate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 3 completed trials, 233 people given it.5 reported

   233 people2 studies1 found nothing

   • found nothingThe drug version of this molecule was tested in 233 older adults losing muscle with age. It missed its main target. Across everyone who took part, walking speed over a 400 metre course barely changed compared with a dummy pill. A smaller group who stuck to the plan walked a little faster. Counting only those people is...

     Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle, 2025 · 233 people

   • In a study in people, those taking ecdysterone gained more muscle than the comparison group and lifted more on the bench press. Blood tests for liver and kidney damage did not rise. The researchers checked everyone for banned drugs and tested the supplement for hidden steroids first. They said it should go on the...

     Archives of Toxicology, 2019 · number of people not given

5. 05BIO101Small moleculeModerate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 1 completed trial, 233 people given it.3 reported

   233 people1 study1 found nothing

   • found nothingIt missed the target it was built to hit. 233 older adults losing muscle with age, average age 75, took BIO101 at one of two doses or a dummy pill for six months. The measure was walking speed over 400 metres. Counting everyone, the drug made almost no difference. Covid wiped out more than half the final in-person...

     Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle, 2025 · 233 people

6. 06LandogrozumabBiologicModerate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 3 completed trials, 726 people given it.

   201 people1 study1 found nothing

   • found nothingA myostatin antibody added muscle to older people who fall, and barely moved how they function. Two hundred older adults were split by chance between the drug and a dummy injection. After six months the drug group had gained about four hundred grams of arm and leg muscle, while the dummy group had lost a little....

     Lancet Diabetes and Endocrinology, 2015 · 201 people

7. 07DHEAHormoneModerate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 3 completed trials, 267 people given it.5 reported

   144 people1 study1 found nothing

   • found nothingThe biggest study of DHEA against a dummy pill as an anti-ageing supplement found nothing that mattered. 144 older men and women with low levels took it for two years. The hormone went up and little else changed. Body shape, strength, fitness, blood sugar control and quality of life did not get better. Bone density...

     The New England Journal of Medicine, 2006 · 144 people

8. 08Sodium phenylbutyrateSmall moleculeModerate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 2 completed trials, 148 people given it.4 reported

   137 people1 study

   • In ALS, a pill combining sodium phenylbutyrate with a bile acid slowed the loss of daily function a little over six months, compared with a dummy pill. 137 people took part. The other measures of strength, breathing and survival did not differ. This small trial led to an approval that was pulled after a larger trial...

     The New England Journal of Medicine, 2020 · 137 people

9. 09StamulumabBiologicModerate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 2 completed trials, 122 people given it.

   122 people2 studies1 found nothing

   • The first myostatin blocker tested in people was safe enough but did nothing for strength. 116 adults with three kinds of muscular dystrophy were split by chance across four dose levels or a dummy, and nobody involved knew which. Skin reactions appeared at the two highest doses. The authors state plainly that no...

     Annals of Neurology, 2008 · 116 people

   • found nothingInside the muscle, individual fibres did look better, in a handful of people. Researchers took muscle fibre samples from trial participants before and after six months. Five of them had been given the myostatin blocker and one had the dummy. Four of those five showed improved force and speed in single fibres. The one...

     Muscle and Nerve, 2009 · 6 people

10. 10CoQ10SupplementModerate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 2 completed trials, 162 people given it.4 reported

    120 people1 study1 found nothing

    • found nothingEven in people whose statin muscle pain was confirmed by taking them on and off the statin, CoQ10 did not help. 41 of those patients then took 600 mg a day of ubiquinol with their statin, or a dummy, for 8 weeks. Pain scores rose on the statin either way. Strength and fitness did not change. Blood CoQ10 did rise, so...

      Atherosclerosis, 2015 · 120 people

11. 11Nicotinamide RibosideSupplementLimited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 4 completed trials, 90 people given it.5 reported

    90 people1 study

    • For the first time, this supplement changed something a person could actually do. 90 patients with poor circulation in their legs took it for six months. They could walk about 17.6 metres further in six minutes than the dummy group, which is around 20 extra paces. That is modest, and it is real. It is also the only...

      Nature Communications, 2024 · 90 people

12. 12NMNSupplementLimited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 4 completed trials, 94 people given it.6 reported

    80 people2 studies2 found nothing

    • found nothingNMN raised NAD in the blood and added a little to how far people could walk, and did nothing for blood sugar handling. Eighty healthy middle aged adults took one of three daily doses or a dummy for two months, and nobody involved knew which. Walking distance in six minutes improved modestly. Insulin resistance did not...

      GeroScience, 2023 · 80 people

    • found nothingA high dose NMN tablet raised NAD in the blood and moved weight and cholesterol, but not muscle. 30 overweight or obese adults took MIB-626, 1000 mg twice a day, or a dummy pill, for 28 days. Weight fell 1.9 kg. The lower blood pressure number and LDL cholesterol fell too. Strength, tiredness, fitness and stair...

      Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 2023 · number of people not given

13. 13L-leucineSupplementLimited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 1 completed trial, 30 people given it.3 reported

    30 people1 study1 found nothing

    • found nothingThree months of leucine did nothing at all for muscle in healthy older men. 30 men averaging 71 took 2.5 g of leucine with each main meal, 7.5 g a day, or a dummy, decided by chance. Scans of muscle size showed no change in either group. Strength on a one-lift maximum did not change either. Insulin sensitivity,...

      American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2009 · 30 people

14. 14DasatinibSmall moleculeLimited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 3 completed trials, 74 people given it.3 reported

    14 people2 studies

    • An early study in 14 people with lung scarring found their physical function improved. Everybody knew they were taking the drugs and there was no comparison group. Side effects were mostly mild to moderate. Read this as the study that justified running a proper trial, and then read what the proper trial went on to...

      EBioMedicine, 2019 · 14 people

    • A pilot that looked positive lost its effect the moment a dummy group was added. The same team ran it again in twelve people with lung scarring. Frailty, lung function and physical function did not meaningfully separate. The people on the drugs reported 65 non-serious side effects against 22 on the dummy. Small...

      EBioMedicine, 2023 · number of people not given

15. 15FollistatinBiologicLimited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 2 completed trials, 12 people given it.

    12 people2 studies

    • A first small look at gene therapy for a muscle wasting disease, not an answer. Six men with Becker muscular dystrophy had the follistatin gene injected into their thigh muscles. Four of the six walked further in six minutes afterwards, by between 29 and 125 metres. Muscle samples showed less scarring. No harms were...

      Molecular Therapy, 2015 · 6 people

    • Six men with a progressive muscle disease walked further after gene therapy, while untreated men like them got worse. The treated group gained a typical 56 metres a year on a six minute walk. The comparison men lost 26 metres a year. Here is the problem. Nobody was picked by chance for either group, so the men who got...

      Molecular Therapy, 2017 · 6 people

16. 16ElamipretidePeptideModerate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 5 completed trials, 487 people given it.6 reported

    10 people1 study

    • A handful of patients kept improving for years, and there was nobody to compare them against. Ten people with Barth syndrome stayed on elamipretide in an extension where everybody got the drug. Their six minute walking distance rose by 96.1 metres over 168 weeks, a bit over three years. Reactions where they injected...

      Genetics in Medicine, 2024 · 10 people

17. 17Urolithin ASupplementLimited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 2 completed trials, none stating how many people.4 reported

    number of people not given2 studies1 found nothing

    • found nothingFour months of it improved muscle endurance and blood chemistry, and left the headline measures untouched. Older adults took the supplement or a dummy. How far they could walk in six minutes did not differ, and neither did the peak energy their muscles could produce. What improved was how long a muscle could keep...

      JAMA Network Open, 2022 · number of people not given

    • Strength improved, and the trial still missed the thing it was built to show. Muscle strength in middle-aged adults rose about 12 percent, and fitness and walking distance improved as well. But peak power, the one measure chosen before the trial began, did not. When a study misses the measure it named first and hits...

      Cell Reports Medicine, 2022 · number of people not given

18. 18QuercetinSupplementLimited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 3 completed trials, 60 people given it.2 reported

    14 people2 studies

    • Everyone here knew they were getting the drugs, and they walked better afterwards. 14 patients with lung scarring took part. Distance covered in six minutes, walking speed and time to rise from a chair all improved. There was nobody to compare them against. People who join a trial and receive close attention often...

      EBioMedicine, 2019 · 14 people

    • When the same team repeated their pilot with a dummy group added, the benefit vanished. Twelve people took part. Frailty, lung function and physical function came out much the same whichever they were given. Side effects were far more common on the drug, 65 reports against 22. Twelve people is tiny. The difference...

      EBioMedicine, 2023 · number of people not given

19. 19GlyNACSupplementLimited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 2 completed trials, none stating how many people.3 reported

    number of people not given1 study

    • Older adults improved on several fronts, in a study with nobody to compare them against. Over 24 weeks the supplement corrected a shortage of the body's main antioxidant, and strength, walking speed and thinking all improved. The benefits then faded once people stopped, which at least points back at the supplement....

      Clinical and Translational Medicine, 2021 · number of people not given

20. 20MIB-626SupplementModerate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 4 completed trials, 107 people given it.1 reported

    number of people not given1 study1 found nothing

    • found nothingThe tablet moved some body measurements and left every measure of physical function untouched. 30 overweight or obese adults aged 45 and over took MIB-626 or a dummy tablet for four weeks. Weight fell by about two kilograms. Blood pressure and cholesterol both came down. Strength, stamina, how quickly muscles tired...

      Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 2023 · number of people not given

21. 21Urolithin BSupplementLimited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 1 completed trial, none stating how many people.

    number of people not given1 study1 found nothing

    • found nothingThis is urolithin A, not urolithin B, and it sits here because urolithin B has nothing like it. Older adults took urolithin A or a dummy. Muscle endurance improved and some blood markers moved. The six minute walk test did not improve, and neither did the peak energy output measured inside muscle. So even the better...

      JAMA Network Open, 2022 · number of people not given

22. 22MGFPeptidePreliminary. Studied in people, but no published study has had people take it. 1 human study where nobody was given it.6 reported

    8 people1 study1 found nothing

    • found nothingThis is the study sold as human evidence for MGF, and nobody in it was given MGF. 8 younger men and 7 men in their seventies and eighties did heavy one-leg knee extensions, then had a small piece of thigh muscle taken. The younger men's muscle switched on more of the MGF gene message. The older men's did not. This...

      Journal of Physiology, 2003 · 8 people

23. 23MK-677Small moleculeLimited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 2 completed trials, 65 people given it.11 reported

    number of people not given1 study

    • The trial was stopped early over a heart safety signal, and most of what it measured did not improve. 123 older people recovering from a broken hip took MK-677 or a dummy pill. Walking speed improved and IGF-1 rose. Most other measures of function did not move. The study was halted before it finished because of...

      Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 2011 · number of people not given

24. 24ACE-031BiologicLimited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 1 completed trial, 48 people given it.5 reported

    number of people not given1 study

    • The trial was stopped early for safety, and it never showed a benefit. Boys with Duchenne muscular dystrophy were given ACE-031 or a dummy injection. After the second dose level, the study was halted because boys were getting nosebleeds and small spidery blood vessels in the skin. Walking distance and muscle mass...

      Muscle and Nerve, 2017 · number of people not given

1. 01MOTS-cPeptideLimited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 1 completed trial, 30 people given it.6 reported

   30 people2 studies1 found nothing

   • Exercise did not move MOTS-c. Thirty adults were assigned to a bout of endurance exercise, a bout of weight training, or nothing at all. Humanin, a related peptide, rose after the endurance session and not after the weights. MOTS-c leaned upward but not enough to call it a real change. Neither peptide tracked how fit...

     Journal of Applied Physiology, 2021 · 30 people

   • found nothingProfessional athletes carried less MOTS-c in their blood than people who do not train, which is the opposite of what a fitness marker should do. Seventy-five athletes were compared with thirty sedentary adults. Nobody was given anything. Humanin, the related peptide, went the other way and was higher in the athletes....

     Reviews in Cardiovascular Medicine, 2022 · number of people not given

2. 02HumaninPeptideLimited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 1 completed trial, 30 people given it.6 reported

   30 people2 studies

   • A single endurance session raises humanin in the blood. Lifting weights does not. Thirty adults were assigned to one bout of endurance exercise, one bout of weight training, or nothing. Humanin went up only after the endurance session. It did not track how fit anyone was, measured by running capacity, by strength, or...

     Journal of Applied Physiology, 2021 · 30 people

   • Athletes carried more humanin than people who do not train, but more training did not mean more humanin. Seventy-five professional athletes were compared with thirty sedentary adults. Nobody was given anything. The athletes had higher levels overall. Inside the athlete group the pattern reversed, because the hardest...

     Reviews in Cardiovascular Medicine, 2022 · number of people not given

3. 03PQQSupplementModerate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 3 completed trials, 116 people given it.5 reported

   23 people1 study1 found nothing

   • found nothingPQQ added nothing on top of training. 23 untrained men took 20 mg a day or a dummy while doing the same supervised six week endurance programme. Both groups got fitter, from the training. Neither peak oxygen uptake nor how long they lasted separated the two groups. One protein linked to building new mitochondria rose...

     Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 2020 · 23 people

4. 04ClenbuterolSmall moleculeLimited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 2 completed trials, 11 people given it.5 reported

   11 people1 study1 found nothing

   • found nothingClenbuterol does build muscle in people, and it wrecks your fitness while it does. 11 healthy young men took the drug for two weeks and a dummy for two weeks, in turn, with three weeks between. Lean mass rose by just under a kilogram. Fat mass did not move at all, which matters because fat loss is why most people buy...

     The Journal of Physiology, 2025 · 11 people

5. 05EpitalonPeptideModerate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 5 completed trials, 266 people given it.6 reported

   number of people not given1 study

   • The same small group of Kiev heart patients, followed for much longer. 39 heart patients took six courses of epithalamin over three years alongside their usual treatment. 40 others had usual treatment only. The treated group was reported to age more slowly in the heart and blood vessels, keep more stamina, recover a...

     Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine, 2011 · number of people not given

6. 06NMNSupplementLimited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 4 completed trials, 94 people given it.6 reported

   number of people not given1 study1 found nothing

   • found nothingA high dose NMN tablet raised NAD in the blood and moved weight and cholesterol, but not muscle. 30 overweight or obese adults took MIB-626, 1000 mg twice a day, or a dummy pill, for 28 days. Weight fell 1.9 kg. The lower blood pressure number and LDL cholesterol fell too. Strength, tiredness, fitness and stair...

     Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 2023 · number of people not given

7. 07VIPPeptideLimited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 1 completed trial, none stating how many people.2 reported

   number of people not given1 study

   • A small, early study in a serious lung condition, with everyone knowing what they were getting. People with high blood pressure in the lungs breathed in VIP. Pressures in the lung circuit improved and they could walk further. All of them were short of VIP to begin with, which is the best case there is for giving it...

     Journal of Clinical Investigation, 2003 · number of people not given

8. 08Urolithin ASupplementLimited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 2 completed trials, none stating how many people.4 reported

   number of people not given2 studies1 found nothing

   • found nothingFour months of it improved muscle endurance and blood chemistry, and left the headline measures untouched. Older adults took the supplement or a dummy. How far they could walk in six minutes did not differ, and neither did the peak energy their muscles could produce. What improved was how long a muscle could keep...

     JAMA Network Open, 2022 · number of people not given

   • Strength improved, and the trial still missed the thing it was built to show. Muscle strength in middle-aged adults rose about 12 percent, and fitness and walking distance improved as well. But peak power, the one measure chosen before the trial began, did not. When a study misses the measure it named first and hits...

     Cell Reports Medicine, 2022 · number of people not given

9. 09(R/S)-1,3-ButanediolSupplementLimited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 1 completed trial, none stating how many people.2 reported

   number of people not given1 study

   • It raised ketones in the blood, made people feel ill, and did not make them faster. Nine trained male cyclists took either 1,3-butanediol or a dummy drink before and during 85 minutes of steady riding, then a time trial. Each rider did both, in turn. Blood ketones rose several times over, so the compound does what it...

     International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 2019 · number of people not given

10. 10Metformin plus rapamycinSmall moleculePreliminary. Studied in people, but no published study has had people take it. 2 registered with no result.2 reported

    number of people not given1 study

    • The one trial testing this pair cannot tell the two drugs apart. 30 people are enrolled by AgelessRx, an online company that prescribes these drugs, and it is no longer signing people up. Every group stacks rapamycin and metformin together with low-dose naltrexone, NAD+ up the nose, glutathione on the skin and a...

      ClinicalTrials.gov, 2025 · number of people not given

11. 11MIB-626SupplementModerate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 4 completed trials, 107 people given it.1 reported

    number of people not given1 study1 found nothing

    • found nothingThe tablet moved some body measurements and left every measure of physical function untouched. 30 overweight or obese adults aged 45 and over took MIB-626 or a dummy tablet for four weeks. Weight fell by about two kilograms. Blood pressure and cholesterol both came down. Strength, stamina, how quickly muscles tired...

      Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 2023 · number of people not given

12. 12Urolithin BSupplementLimited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 1 completed trial, none stating how many people.

    number of people not given1 study1 found nothing

    • found nothingThis is urolithin A, not urolithin B, and it sits here because urolithin B has nothing like it. Older adults took urolithin A or a dummy. Muscle endurance improved and some blood markers moved. The six minute walk test did not improve, and neither did the peak energy output measured inside muscle. So even the better...

      JAMA Network Open, 2022 · number of people not given

13. 13SLU-PP-332Small moleculeAnimal or lab only. Only animal or lab studies on this page. No study in people yet. 2 animal studies, no human study.8 reported

    number of people not given0 studies

    • In mice: SLU-PP-332 switched on the same muscle genes that aerobic exercise turns on, and the mice could run longer.

      ACS Chemical Biology, 2023 · number of people not given

14. 14CardarineSmall moleculePreliminary. Studied in people, but no published study has had people take it. 1 registered with no result.7 reported

    number of people not given0 studies

    • In mice. With training, it improved endurance.

      Cell, 2008 · number of people not given

15. 15GW0742Small moleculeAnimal or lab only. Only animal or lab studies on this page. No study in people yet. 3 animal studies, 1 lab study, no human study.3 reported

    number of people not given0 studies

    • In mice trained on a treadmill for four weeks. AICAR alone boosted endurance. AICAR plus GW0742 raised running time by 138 to 179 percent against trained mice. The mice burned more fat and saved their sugar stores. This is mice, with a drug pair, not GW0742 alone in a person.

      Physiological Reports, 2016 · number of people not given

16. 165-amino-1MQ with SLU-PP-332BlendAnimal or lab only. Only animal or lab studies on this page. No study in people yet. 2 animal studies, no human study.7 reported

    number of people not given0 studies

    • In muscle cells in a dish, SLU-PP-332 made the cells' energy makers work harder. In mice, it raised the number of endurance-type muscle fibres, let the mice run longer, and switched on the same genes that aerobic exercise does. This was cells and mice. There is no data in people.

      ACS Chemical Biology, 2023 · number of people not given

17. 17VilonPeptideAnimal or lab only. Only animal or lab studies on this page. No study in people yet. 1 animal study, 1 lab study, no human study.6 reported

    number of people not given0 studies

    • In mice. Vilon given from 6 months of age made female mice more active, gave them more stamina, helped them live longer and cut tumors.

      Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine, 2000 · number of people not given

18. 18AICARSmall moleculeModerate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 1 completed trial, 3,080 people given it.5 reported

    number of people not given0 studies

    • In mice. It raised endurance in mice that did not train by about 44%.

      Cell, 2008 · number of people not given

19. 19Rapamycin plus acarboseSmall moleculeAnimal or lab only. Only animal or lab studies on this page. No study in people yet. 7 animal studies, no human study.5 reported

    number of people not given0 studies

    • In mice. Each drug alone, started at 4 or 16 months, helped old mice of both sexes balance on a spinning rod and keep going longer, and shrank their enlarged hearts. Acarbose changed the fats in the heart more than rapamycin. Some benefits showed up in males only. These are health measures for each drug alone, not for...

      Journals of Gerontology Series A, 2023 · number of people not given

20. 20ApigeninSupplementPreliminary. Studied in people, but no published study has had people take it. 1 human study where nobody was given it.1 reported

    number of people not given0 studies

    • In mice. This is the strongest evidence for blocking CD38, and it did not use apigenin. A strong, precise blocker called 78c reversed the fall in NAD with age. It improved blood sugar control, muscle function, exercise ability and heart function, in mice that aged normally or fast. An author holds a patent on CD38...

      Cell Metabolism, 2018 · number of people not given

21. 21Senolytic CAR T cellsBiologicAnimal or lab only. Only animal or lab studies on this page. No study in people yet. 3 animal studies, no human study.

    number of people not given0 studies

    • In mice. A single dose of the uPAR-hunting T cells helped normally ageing mice exercise more. It helped old mice and mice on a high-fat diet handle blood sugar better. The effect lasted, and it also worked as prevention.

      Nature Aging, 2024 · number of people not given

22. 22IrisinBiologicLimited. People have taken it in a published study, but fewer than 100 of them. 1 completed trial, 7 people given it.2 reported

    number of people not given0 studies

    • found nothingMostly in a dish, plus muscle samples from people. The human irisin gene has a broken start signal. With that signal, cells in a dish made only about 1 percent of the normal protein. In muscle samples from two human exercise studies, the gene did not get more active after cardio or weight training. In a dish, irisin...

      PLoS One, 2013 · number of people not given

23. 23EnobosarmSmall moleculeModerate. At least one finished study in people, and at least 100 people who took it. 1 completed trial, 159 people given it.5 reported

    number of people not given0 studies
24. 24SR9009Small moleculeAnimal or lab only. Only animal or lab studies on this page. No study in people yet. 1 animal study, 1 lab study, no human study.4 reported

    number of people not given0 studies